State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China.
Cells. 2019 Apr 10;8(4):337. doi: 10.3390/cells8040337.
Protein synthesis begins at free ribosomes or ribosomes attached with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Newly synthesized proteins are transported to the plasma membrane for secretion through conventional or unconventional pathways. In conventional protein secretion, proteins are transported from the ER lumen to Golgi lumen and through various other compartments to be secreted at the plasma membrane, while unconventional protein secretion bypasses the Golgi apparatus. Soluble -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) proteins are involved in cargo vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion. The ER localized vesicle associated SNARE (v-SNARE) protein Sec22 plays a major role during anterograde and retrograde transport by promoting efficient membrane fusion and assisting in the assembly of higher order complexes by homodimer formation. Sec22 is not only confined to ER-Golgi intermediate compartments (ERGIC) but also facilitates formation of contact sites between ER and plasma membranes. Sec22 mutation is responsible for the development of atherosclerosis and symptoms in the brain in Alzheimer's disease and aging in humans. In the fruit fly , Sec22 is essential for photoreceptor morphogenesis, the wingless signaling pathway, and normal ER, Golgi, and endosome morphology. In the plant , it is involved in development, and in the nematode , it is in involved in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. In filamentous fungi, it affects cell wall integrity, growth, reproduction, pathogenicity, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), expression of extracellular enzymes, and transcriptional regulation of many development related genes. This review provides a detailed account of Sec22 function, summarizes its domain structure, discusses its genetic redundancy with Ykt6, discusses what is known about its localization to discrete membranes, its contributions in conventional and unconventional autophagy, and a variety of other roles across different cellular systems ranging from higher to lower eukaryotes, and highlights some of the surprises that have originated from research on Sec22.
蛋白质合成起始于游离核糖体或附着在内质网（ER）上的核糖体。新合成的蛋白质通过传统或非传统途径被转运到质膜以进行分泌。在传统的蛋白质分泌中，蛋白质从 ER 腔运输到高尔基体腔，并通过各种其他隔室运输到质膜进行分泌，而非传统的蛋白质分泌绕过了高尔基体装置。可溶性 -乙基maleimide 敏感因子附着蛋白受体（SNARE）蛋白参与货物囊泡运输和膜融合。内质网定位的囊泡相关 SNARE（v-SNARE）蛋白 Sec22 通过促进有效的膜融合和通过同源二聚体形成协助组装更高阶复合物，在顺行和逆行运输中发挥主要作用。Sec22 不仅局限于 ER-Golgi 中间隔室（ERGIC），而且还促进 ER 和质膜之间接触位点的形成。Sec22 突变是导致人类动脉粥样硬化和阿尔茨海默病大脑症状以及衰老的原因。在果蝇中，Sec22 对于光感受器形态发生、无翅信号通路以及正常的 ER、高尔基体和内体形态是必需的。在植物中，它参与发育，在线虫中，它参与 RNA 干扰（RNAi）途径。在丝状真菌中，它影响细胞壁完整性、生长、繁殖、致病性、活性氧（ROS）的调节、细胞外酶的表达以及许多与发育相关基因的转录调控。本综述详细介绍了 Sec22 的功能，总结了其结构域结构，讨论了其与 Ykt6 的遗传冗余性，讨论了其在离散膜上的定位、在传统和非传统自噬中的贡献以及在从高等到低等真核生物的各种不同细胞系统中的各种其他作用，并强调了一些源自 Sec22 研究的惊喜。
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