Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
J Environ Manage. 2019 Jul 1;241:488-500. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.050. Epub 2019 Apr 9.
Empirical research on land sharing and land sparing has been criticized because preferences of local stakeholders, socio-economic aspects, a bundle of ecosystem services and the local context were only rarely integrated. Using storylines and scenarios is a common approach to include land use drivers and local contexts or to cope with the uncertainties of future developments. The objective of the presented research is to develop comparable participatory regional land use scenarios for the year 2030 reflecting land sharing, land sparing and more intermediate developments across five different European landscapes (Austria, Germany, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Spain). In order to ensure methodological consistency among the five case studies, a hierarchical multi-scale scenario approach was developed, which consisted of i) the selection of a common global storyline to frame a common sphere of uncertainty for all case studies, ii) the definition of three contrasting qualitative European storylines (representing developments for land sharing, land sparing and a balanced storyline), and iii) the development of three explorative case study-specific land use scenarios with regional stakeholders in workshops. Land use transition rules defined by stakeholders were used to generate three different spatially-explicit scenarios for each case study by means of high-resolution land use maps. All scenarios incorporated various aspects of land use and management to allow subsequent quantification of multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity indicators. The comparison of the final scenarios showed both common as well as diverging trends among the case studies. For instance, stakeholders identified further possibilities to intensify land management in all case studies in the land sparing scenario. In addition, in most case studies stakeholders agreed on the most preferred scenario, i.e. either land sharing or balanced, and the most likely one, i.e. balanced. However, they expressed some skepticism regarding the general plausibility of land sparing in a European context. It can be concluded that stakeholder perceptions and the local context can be integrated in land sharing and land sparing contexts subject to particular process design principles.
土地共有和土地分离的实证研究受到了批评，因为当地利益相关者的偏好、社会经济方面、一整套生态系统服务以及当地背景很少被综合考虑。使用故事情节和情景是一种常见的方法，可以包括土地利用驱动因素和当地背景，或应对未来发展的不确定性。本研究的目的是制定可比的参与式区域土地利用情景，以反映 2030 年五个不同欧洲景观（奥地利、德国、瑞士、荷兰和西班牙）的土地共有、土地分离和更多中间发展。为了确保五个案例研究之间的方法一致性，开发了分层多尺度情景方法，该方法包括：i）选择一个共同的全球故事情节，为所有案例研究框定一个共同的不确定性范围；ii）定义三个对比鲜明的欧洲定性故事情节（代表土地共有、土地分离和平衡故事情节的发展）；iii）在研讨会上与区域利益相关者一起制定三个探索性案例研究特定的土地利用情景。利益相关者定义的土地利用转换规则用于通过高分辨率土地利用地图为每个案例研究生成三个不同的空间明确情景。所有情景都纳入了土地利用和管理的各个方面，以允许随后对多种生态系统服务和生物多样性指标进行量化。最终情景的比较表明，案例研究之间存在共同和不同的趋势。例如，在土地分离情景下，利益相关者确定了在所有案例研究中进一步加强土地管理的可能性。此外，在大多数案例研究中，利益相关者对最受欢迎的情景（即土地共有或平衡）和最有可能的情景（即平衡）达成了一致。然而，他们对欧洲背景下土地分离的一般可行性表示怀疑。可以得出结论，只要符合特定的过程设计原则，利益相关者的看法和当地背景就可以纳入土地共有和土地分离的背景中。
