Umamaheswari Sathisaran, Renuka Siva Shankar, Ramesh Mathan, Poopal Rama-Krishnan
Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, TamilNadu, India.
Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, PR China.
Heliyon. 2019 Apr 9;5(4):e01434. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01434. eCollection 2019 Apr.
were exposed to amoxicillin at a concentration of 1 mg/L (Treatment -I) and 0.5 mg/L (Treatment-II) for a period of 35 days. Numerous alterations were found in amoxicillin treatment groups when compared to the control group. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and erythrocytes (RBCs) levels were significantly ( < 0.05) decreased. Leukocytes (WBC), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) levels were significantly ( < 0.05) increased. In the plasma and gill tissues, ionic compounds (sodium, potassium, and chloride) levels were significantly declined throughout the treatment period. The plasma biochemical profiles were significantly altered: glucose level remained low (except at the end of 7 day in Treatment -I) till 35 days of the treatment period. Biphasic trend occurred in the protein level, significant increase was observed on 7 and 28 day (Treatment -I and -II), and 35 day (Treatment -I), and in remaining days its level was found to be decreased. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activity in the plasma was inhibited significantly, whereas in the gill, liver, and kidney tissues the enzyme activity was elevated. Plasma glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity was inhibited throughout the study period. GPT activity in the gill was found to be elevated during the treatment period. Liver GPT activity was elevated in all the treatments except 28 (Treatment-I) and 35 day (Treatment-I, and II). GPT activity in the kidney was elevated (except 14 day in Treatment-II). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was inhibited in plasma (except 14 day in Treatment-II), gill, liver (except 7 day in Treatment-I), and kidney tissues significantly ( < 0.05). The present study emphasizes that amoxicillin at 1 and 0.5 mg/L concentrations affects the hematological/biochemical/electrolytes/enzymological parameters of fish and these biomarkers serve as an effective test system for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment.
将鱼暴露于浓度为1毫克/升（处理-I）和0.5毫克/升（处理-II）的阿莫西林中35天。与对照组相比，阿莫西林处理组出现了许多变化。血红蛋白（Hb）、血细胞比容（Hct）和红细胞（RBCs）水平显著（<0.05）下降。白细胞（WBC）、平均细胞体积（MCV）、平均红细胞血红蛋白（MCH）和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）水平显著（<0.05）升高。在血浆和鳃组织中，整个处理期间离子化合物（钠、钾和氯）水平显著下降。血浆生化指标发生显著变化：葡萄糖水平在处理期35天内一直较低（处理-I中7天结束时除外）。蛋白质水平呈双相趋势，在第7天和第28天（处理-I和-II）以及第35天（处理-I）观察到显著增加，其余时间其水平下降。血浆中谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（GOT）活性显著受到抑制，而在鳃、肝脏和肾脏组织中该酶活性升高。整个研究期间血浆谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶（GPT）活性受到抑制。在处理期间发现鳃中的GPT活性升高。除第28天（处理-I）和第35天（处理-I和II）外，所有处理中肝脏GPT活性均升高。肾脏中的GPT活性升高（处理-II中14天除外）。乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性在血浆（处理-II中14天除外）、鳃、肝脏（处理-I中7天除外）和肾脏组织中受到显著抑制（<0.05）。本研究强调，浓度为1毫克/升和0.5毫克/升的阿莫西林会影响鱼类的血液学/生化/电解质/酶学参数，这些生物标志物可作为水生环境中药物环境风险评估的有效测试系统。
