A'see Kandyce M, Cantey Kathleen B
J Dent Hyg. 2019 Apr;93(2):23-26.
Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NPS), drugs frequently prescribed to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is defined as the use of medications without a prescription or in a way that is inconsistent with a medical diagnosis. These pharmaceuticals are frequently prescribed to increase attentiveness, decrease distractibility, and improve daily functioning in individuals diagnosed with ADHD. While medically prescribed stimulants, including amphetamine, methylphenidate, and dextroamphetamine, have been shown to be safe and effective for improving the symptoms of ADHD, they have also been classified by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as schedule II, due to their high potential for abuse. With the increased matriculation of college students diagnosed with ADHD, the number of stimulants available on college campuses has risen substantially; and misuse of NPS is becoming a serious issue amongst college-aged students, including those in health care professions. The most commonly reported reasons for NPS use among college students is to improve alertness and concentration while studying and to enhance overall academic achievement. Borrowing, sharing and selling prescription stimulants between peers and friends are the common routes for NPS diversion. Academic performance expectations in dental hygiene education programs can create a highly stressful environment increasing the susceptibility of dental hygiene students to NPS misuse. Dental hygiene education programs should promote an awareness of the ethical, legal and overall health harms of nonmedical use of prescription stimulants.
处方兴奋剂的非医疗用途（NPS），即常用于治疗注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的药物，被定义为在没有处方的情况下使用药物，或以与医学诊断不符的方式使用药物。这些药物常用于提高被诊断患有ADHD的个体的注意力、减少分心，并改善日常功能。虽然包括苯丙胺、哌醋甲酯和右旋苯丙胺在内的医学处方兴奋剂已被证明对改善ADHD症状是安全有效的，但由于其滥用潜力高，它们也被美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）列为二类精神药品。随着被诊断患有ADHD的大学生入学人数增加，大学校园里可得的兴奋剂数量大幅上升；NPS的滥用正成为大学生群体（包括医疗保健专业的学生）中的一个严重问题。大学生中最常报告的使用NPS的原因是在学习时提高警觉性和注意力，并提高整体学业成绩。在同龄人及朋友之间转借、共享和出售处方兴奋剂是NPS转移的常见途径。口腔卫生教育项目中的学业成绩期望会营造一个压力极大的环境，增加口腔卫生专业学生滥用NPS的易感性。口腔卫生教育项目应提高对处方兴奋剂非医疗用途的伦理、法律及整体健康危害的认识。
