Cooperativity of ganglioside-dependent with protein-dependent substratum adhesion and neurite extension of human neuroblastoma cells.

The potential involvement of gangliosides in the adherence and neurite extension of human neuroblastoma cells (Platt and La-N1) was investigated on tissue culture substrata coated with the ganglioside GM1-binding protein, cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit, for comparison with similar processes on plasma fibronectin (pFN)-coated substrata. Cells attached with reduced efficiency on CTB substrata as compared with pFN substrata and required a much longer time to form neurite processes for a small percentage of cells on CTB. The specificity of these processes for GM1 binding was tested in a variety of ways. Supplementation of the cells with exogenous GM1, but not GD1a, identified a larger population of cells adherent on CTB (comparable to pFN-adherent cells) and dramatically increased the proportion of cells capable of forming neurites without reducing the time requirement. In ultrastructural studies using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and immunofluorescence (IF) analyses to discriminate microtubule distributions, neurites of GM1-supplemented cells on CTB were virtually identical with pFN-adherent neurites, whereas unsupplemented cells on CTB generated processes with fine-structural differences. Treatment of cells during the GM1 supplementation period with cycloheximide completely abolished the ability of cells to generate neurites on CTB and decreased the adhesive capacity of cells as well; a similar treatment of cells had no adverse effect on adherence or neurite extension on pFN. The importance of one or more proteins in GM1-dependent processes was further confirmed by demonstrating the trypsin sensitivity of a cell surface component(s) required to achieve maximal attachment on CTB; in contrast, adherence and neurite extension on pFN were much more resistant to this treatment process. Therefore, these experiments demonstrate that certain cell surface gangliosides are capable of mediating adherence and neurite outgrowth of human neuroblastoma cells on a suitable ganglioside-binding substratum; this ganglioside dependence is cooperative with one or more cell surface proteins which can now be analysed. These results are discussed in light of the identification in ref. [16] (Exp cell res 169 (1987) 311) of a second 'cell-binding' domain on the pFN molecule competent for adherence and neurite extension of these neuroblastoma cells, as well as the potential role of pFN binding to a complex ganglioside on the surface of these neural tumor cells in these processes.