Mitsuda Takashi, Otani Mio, Sugimoto Sayana
College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2019 Aug;81(6):1890-1900. doi: 10.3758/s13414-019-01743-2.
An arrow marker appearing in a field of view shifts the observer's attention in its indicated direction. On the other hand, the gaze of another individual not only shifts the observer's attention but also increases the likability of objects in the direction of their gaze. These effects occur even when the arrow markers or gaze cues are presented for very short periods so that the observer is unaware of them. To expand on the findings of previous studies, we conducted two experiments. In the first we examined the changes in likability and attentional shift induced by supraliminal and subliminal arrow markers, using 40 male and 40 female participants. We found, contrary to previous findings, that supraliminal arrow markers not only shifted the observers' attention but slightly increased object likability. On the other hand, subliminal arrow markers only shifted the observers' attention. The attentional shift was stronger for female than for male participants in the case of supraliminal, but not of subliminal, markers. The second experiment verified the changes in likability induced by supraliminal arrow markers and compared the effects with those of supraliminal gaze cues among 40 female participants. We found that the liking effect was observed for both arrow markers and gaze cues. However, both effects were small, and no significant difference was found between them. Overall, these results show that gender and individual differences have considerable impacts on cueing effects.
出现在视野中的箭头标记会将观察者的注意力转移到其指示的方向。另一方面，他人的目光不仅会转移观察者的注意力，还会增加其目光所指方向上物体的吸引力。即使箭头标记或目光提示呈现的时间非常短，以至于观察者没有意识到它们，这些效果也会出现。为了扩展先前研究的结果，我们进行了两项实验。在第一项实验中，我们使用40名男性和40名女性参与者，研究了阈上和阈下箭头标记引起的吸引力变化和注意力转移。我们发现，与先前的研究结果相反，阈上箭头标记不仅转移了观察者的注意力，还略微增加了物体的吸引力。另一方面，阈下箭头标记只转移了观察者的注意力。对于阈上标记，女性参与者的注意力转移比男性参与者更强，但对于阈下标记则不然。第二项实验验证了阈上箭头标记引起的吸引力变化，并在40名女性参与者中比较了其与阈上目光提示的效果。我们发现，箭头标记和目光提示都观察到了喜好效应。然而，两种效应都很小，并且它们之间没有发现显著差异。总体而言，这些结果表明，性别和个体差异对提示效应有相当大的影响。
