Pearls and pitfalls of fluoroscopic-guided foot and ankle injections: what the radiologist needs to know.

OBJECTIVE

This article provides a comprehensive, joint-by-joint review of fluoroscopic-guided foot and ankle injections and emphasizes pre-procedural planning, relevant anatomy, appropriate technique, troubleshooting the difficult procedure, and the importance of communicating unexpected findings with the referring clinician. The interrogation of pain generators including variant ossicles, fractures, and post-surgical/traumatic findings is also described.

CONCLUSIONS

Even the most challenging foot and ankle injections may be successfully completed with a solid anatomical understanding and thoughtful approach.