Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2019 Jun;222(5):778-789. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.05.002. Epub 2019 May 15.
Little is known about the extent of exposure to metals and metal mixtures among midlife women.
We assessed exposure to multiple metals in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a multi-site, multi-racial/ethnic cohort of women at midlife.
We measured urinary concentrations of 21 metals (arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, cesium, copper, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, platinum, antimony, tin, thallium, uranium, vanadium, tungsten and zinc) using high-resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry among 1335 white, black, Chinese and Japanese women aged 45-56 years at the third SWAN annual visit (1999-2000). Least squared geometric mean concentrations were compared across race/ethnicity, education, financial hardship, smoking, secondhand smoking, seafood intake and rice intake groups. Overall exposure patterns of multiple metals were derived using k-means clustering method.
The percentage of women with detectable concentrations of metals ranged from 100% for arsenic, cesium, molybdenum and zinc, to less than 5% for platinum; 15 metals had detection rates of 70% or more. Asian women, both Chinese and Japanese, had higher urinary concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, molybdenum, lead and thallium, compared with other race/ethnic groups, independent of sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary, and geographic characteristics. Seafood and rice intake were important determinants of urinary arsenic, cesium, mercury, molybdenum and lead levels. Two distinct overall exposure patterns- "high" vs. "low" -- were identified. Women in the "high" overall exposure pattern were more likely to be Asians, current smokers, and to report high consumption of seafood and rice. Black women were less likely to have the high exposure pattern.
Metal exposure of midlife women differs by racial/ethnic, sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary, and geographic characteristics. Asian women may be experiencing the highest exposures to multiple metals compared with other racial/ethnic groups in the United States.
关于中年女性接触金属和金属混合物的程度知之甚少。
我们评估了参加妇女健康全国研究（SWAN）的女性的多种金属暴露情况，这是一项多地点、多种族/族裔的中年女性队列研究。
我们使用高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱法测量了 1335 名年龄在 45-56 岁的白种人、黑种人、中国人和日本人在 SWAN 第三次年度访视（1999-2000 年）时的 21 种金属（砷、钡、铍、镉、钴、铬、铯、铜、汞、锰、钼、镍、铅、铂、锑、锡、铊、铀、钒、钨和锌）的尿液浓度。按种族/族裔、教育程度、经济困难、吸烟、二手烟、海鲜摄入量和大米摄入量对最小二乘几何均数浓度进行了比较。使用 K-均值聚类方法得出多种金属的总体暴露模式。
金属检测浓度百分比从 100%（砷、铯、钼和锌）到 5%以下（铂）不等；15 种金属的检出率在 70%以上。与其他种族/族裔群体相比，亚洲女性（中国和日本女性）尿液中的砷、镉、铜、汞、钼、铅和铊浓度更高，这与社会人口统计学、生活方式、饮食和地理特征无关。海鲜和大米的摄入量是尿液中砷、铯、汞、钼和铅水平的重要决定因素。确定了两种截然不同的总体暴露模式-“高”与“低”。处于“高”总体暴露模式的女性更有可能是亚洲人、当前吸烟者，并且报告大量食用海鲜和大米。黑人女性不太可能有高暴露模式。
中年女性的金属暴露情况因种族/族裔、社会人口统计学、生活方式、饮食和地理特征而异。与美国其他种族/族裔群体相比，亚洲女性可能接触到多种金属的最高暴露。
