Science and Technology, Pharmavite, LLC, West Hills, CA 91304, USA.
Nutrients. 2019 May 18;11(5):1107. doi: 10.3390/nu11051107.
Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA), are widely recognized to impact fetal and infant neurodevelopment. The impact of DHA on brain development, and its inefficient synthesis from the essential alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), has led to recommended DHA intakes of 250-375 mg eicosapentaenoic acid + DHA/day for pregnant and lactating women by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Despite these recommendations, the intake of omega-3s in women of child-bearing age in the US remains very low. The low maternal status of DHA prior to pregnancy could impair fetal neurodevelopment. This review focuses on maternal omega-3 status in conditions of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia, and the subsequent impact on placental transfer and cord blood concentration of omega-3s. Both GDM and preeclampsia are associated with altered maternal omega-3 status, altered placental omega-3 metabolism, reduced cord blood omega-3 levels and have an impact on neurodevelopment in the infant and on brain health later in life. These findings indicate lower DHA exposure of the developing baby may be driven by lower placental transfer in both conditions. Thus, determining approaches which facilitate increased delivery of DHA during pregnancy and early development might positively impact brain development in infants born to mothers with these diseases.
ω-3 脂肪酸,特别是二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),已被广泛认为对胎儿和婴儿的神经发育有影响。DHA 对大脑发育的影响,以及其从必需的α-亚麻酸(ALA)合成效率低下,导致《美国人膳食指南》建议孕妇和哺乳期妇女每天摄入 250-375mg 的二十碳五烯酸+DHA。尽管有这些建议,但美国育龄妇女的 ω-3 摄入量仍然很低。怀孕前母体 DHA 含量低可能会损害胎儿的神经发育。本综述重点介绍了妊娠糖尿病(GDM)和子痫前期情况下的母体 ω-3 状态,以及随后对胎盘转运和脐带血中 ω-3 浓度的影响。GDM 和子痫前期都与母体 ω-3 状态改变、胎盘 ω-3 代谢改变、脐带血 ω-3 水平降低以及对婴儿神经发育和日后大脑健康的影响有关。这些发现表明,在这两种情况下,胎儿的 DHA 暴露量较低可能是由于胎盘转运减少所致。因此,确定在怀孕期间和早期发育过程中增加 DHA 输送的方法,可能会对患有这些疾病的母亲所生婴儿的大脑发育产生积极影响。