Angles of Axes of Incudes.

Incus angles of axes (the angle between "short process axis" and the "long process axis") are more open in humans than chimpanzees: 64.0 versus 55.7 degrees (Quam et al.: J Anat 225 (2014) 167-196). However, Flohr et al. (Anat Rec 293 (2010) 2094-2106) raise concern about interobserver agreement of the axes. The concern is important as phylogenetic relationships of mammals are inferred from the incus (and malleus and stapes). We sought to check (1) interobserver agreement; and (2) if the angles of the axes of incudes (incuses) exhibit bilateral symmetry, which is expected if the axes are genetically determined. We studied incudes from 41 modern adult crania with clinically normal temporal bones. Angles of axes were determined on rectilinear digital photographs of incudes in standard lateral orientation. Two observers independently drew the axes and measured the axes. Interobserver agreement was within 4 degrees for 24 of 34 left-sided incudes and for 27 of 35 right-sided incudes. The mean of the two observers' angle determinations were used. Left incudes' median was 67 degrees, range 60-73; right 67.5 degrees, range 58-77. Bilateral symmetry of angles of axes was found: r = 0.55, N = 31, 95% CI 0.24-0.75. Angles of axes of modern human incudes are probably genetically determined features, but are of doubtful physiologic or evolutionary advantage in modern humans. Interobserver agreement of angles of modern human axes is concerning and must be specified in reports. Consideration should be given to a convention to designate axes in ambiguous cases. Anat Rec, 302:1615-1619, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.