Kaewmai Roihatai, Grant Timothy, Eady Sandra, Mungkalasiri Jitti, Musikavong Charongpun
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
Life Cycle Strategies Pty Ltd, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Sep 1;681:444-455. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.013. Epub 2019 May 5.
Increasing water demand and decreasing freshwater availability in an area can cause water scarcity leading to damage to human health, ecosystem quality, and natural resources. Many countries around the world, including Thailand, have recognized the importance of this problem. The available water remaining (AWARE) characterization model provides water scarcity footprint characterization factors (WSF CFs) for assessing the WSF of products. AWARE CFs were prepared from WaterGAP model's data and are available in watershed and country levels. They were not provided for specific areas and could not accurately explain water scarcity situations in certain regions, potentially leading to inappropriate water management. This work calculates the annual and monthly local CFs from local data in the Chao Phraya watershed in Thailand. The monthly local CFs with local environmental water requirement (EWR) calculations ranged from 0.10 to 100. The mean difference between AWARE CFs and local CFs was statistically significant. The most sensitive parameters for local CFs in the dry season were water availability (WA) and agricultural water consumption and that in the wet season was WA. The weighting of AWARE CFs by each type of water consumption and an aggregate of AWARE CFs for product production has been recommended for WSF assessment. The AWARE methodology was modified to assess the individual water scarcity of each water user based on the order of priority. For the Chao Phraya watershed, the ranges of the monthly local individual CFs using local EWR calculations of domestic, environment, livestock, agriculture, and industry were 0.10-0.33, 0.10-0.37, 0.10-0.37, 0.10-100, and 0.10-100, respectively. This assessment of individual water scarcity is helpful for prioritizing the level and timing of water use to minimize their impacts on critical water scarcity.
一个地区不断增长的用水需求和日益减少的淡水供应可能导致水资源短缺，进而损害人类健康、生态系统质量和自然资源。世界上许多国家，包括泰国，都已认识到这一问题的重要性。可用剩余水量（AWARE）特征化模型提供了水资源短缺足迹特征化因子（WSF CFs），用于评估产品的水资源短缺足迹。AWARE CFs是根据WaterGAP模型的数据编制的，可在流域和国家层面获取。但未针对特定区域提供这些因子，无法准确解释某些地区的水资源短缺情况，可能导致水资源管理不当。本研究根据泰国湄南河流域的本地数据计算了年度和月度本地CFs。结合本地环境需水量（EWR）计算得出的月度本地CFs范围为0.10至100。AWARE CFs与本地CFs之间的平均差异具有统计学意义。旱季本地CFs最敏感的参数是可用水量（WA）和农业用水量，而雨季则是WA。建议在水资源短缺足迹评估中，按各类用水量对AWARE CFs进行加权，并汇总产品生产的AWARE CFs。对AWARE方法进行了修改，以便根据优先顺序评估每个用水户的个体水资源短缺情况。对于湄南河流域，采用本地EWR计算得出的家庭、环境、牲畜、农业和工业月度本地个体CFs范围分别为0.10 - 0.33、0.10 - 0.37、0.10 - 0.37、0.10 - 100和0.10 - 100。这种个体水资源短缺评估有助于确定用水水平和时间的优先级，以尽量减少其对严重水资源短缺的影响。
