Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Henan Open Laboratory of Key Subjects of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, China.
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2019 Jul-Aug;74:106809. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106809. Epub 2019 May 23.
Propiconazole is a triazole fungicide used in agriculture. Via run-off, it can enter the aquatic environment, and can adversely affect organisms. However, data are scarce on how propiconazole may affect early developmental life stages of fish. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential sub-lethal effects of propiconazole during zebrafish development. Wildtype zebrafish (ABTu strain) embryos and larvae were exposed to propiconazole (0.1-100 μM) for up to 150 hours post fertilization (hpf) depending upon the endpoint measured. Propiconazole decreased survival and induced hypopigmentation in fish at 100 μM compared to the water and solvent controls. Pericardial edema was also noted in embryos and larvae (beginning at 2-3 dpf) exposed to 100 μM propiconazole. To visualize the effects of propiconazole on the circulatory system in more detail, we exposed transgenic zebrafish (globin-LCR:eGFP) to the fungicide. Hematopoietic changes were observed within 48 h of exposure to 100 μM, and localization of blood cells in the cardic region became diffuse, indicating pooling of blood in the pericardial region. We measured oxidative respiration in embryos as sufficient ATP is needed for development. Exposure to 100 μM propiconazole (6-30 hpf) reduced basal respiration (50%), oligomycin-induced ATP linked respiration (70%), proton leak (30%), and non-mitochondrial respiration (~50%), indicating compromised mitochondrial bioenergetics. A Visual Motor Response (VMR) test was used to measure dark photokinesis behavior in larval fish exposed to propiconazole for a 6-day period. Larval fish exposed to the highest concentration in the assay (10 μM) showed evidence of hypoactivity. This study demonstrates that propiconazole can induce hypopigmentation in zebrafish, disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics, and can alter locomotor activity. However, these sub-lethal responses were observed at concentrations above what is typically detected in the environment.
丙环唑是一种用于农业的三唑类杀菌剂。它会通过径流进入水生环境，并对生物产生不利影响。然而，关于丙环唑如何影响鱼类早期发育阶段的数据还很缺乏。本研究的目的是评估丙环唑在斑马鱼发育过程中潜在的亚致死效应。野生型斑马鱼（ABTu 株）胚胎和幼虫在受精后 150 小时内（hpf）暴露于丙环唑（0.1-100 μM），具体取决于测量的终点。与水和溶剂对照相比，100 μM 丙环唑使鱼类的存活率降低，并导致其色素减退。在暴露于 100 μM 丙环唑的胚胎和幼虫中还观察到心包水肿（从 2-3 dpf 开始）。为了更详细地观察丙环唑对循环系统的影响，我们将转基因斑马鱼（球蛋白-LCR:eGFP）暴露于该杀菌剂中。在暴露于 100 μM 丙环唑 48 小时内观察到造血变化，并且血细胞在心脏区域的定位变得弥散，表明血液在心包区域积聚。我们测量了胚胎的氧化呼吸，因为发育需要足够的 ATP。暴露于 100 μM 丙环唑（6-30 hpf）降低了基础呼吸（50%）、寡霉素诱导的 ATP 连接呼吸（70%）、质子泄漏（30%）和非线粒体呼吸（~50%），表明线粒体生物能受到损害。使用视觉运动反应（VMR）测试测量暴露于丙环唑的幼鱼在为期 6 天的时间内的暗光运动行为。在试验中暴露于最高浓度的幼鱼（10 μM）表现出活动减少的迹象。本研究表明，丙环唑可使斑马鱼色素减退，破坏线粒体生物能，并改变运动活性。然而，这些亚致死反应是在高于环境中通常检测到的浓度下观察到的。
