a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research , Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
b Temple Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2019 Jul;29(7):509-533. doi: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1629419. Epub 2019 Jun 17.
The physiologic importance of fast CO/HCO interconversion in various tissues requires the presence of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). Fourteen CA isozymes are present in humans, all of them being used as biomarkers.
A great number of patents and articles were focused on the use of CA isozymes as biomarkers for various diseases and syndromes in the recent years, in an ascending trend over the last decade. The review highlights the most important studies related with each isozyme and covers the most recent patent literature.
The CAs biomarker research area expanded significantly in recent years, shifting from the predominant use of CA IX and CA XII in cancer diagnostic, staging, and prognosis towards a wider use of CA isozymes as disease biomarkers. CA isozymes are currently used either alone, in tandem with other CA isozymes and/or in combination with other proteins for the detection, staging, and prognosis of a huge repertoire of human dysfunctions and diseases, ranging from mild transformation of the normal tissues to extreme shifts in tissue organization and function. The techniques used for their detection/quantitation and the state-of-the-art in each clinical application are presented through relevant clinical examples and corresponding statistical data.
快速 CO/HCO 相互转化在各种组织中的生理重要性需要碳酸酐酶（CA，EC 4.2.1.1）的存在。人类存在 14 种碳酸酐酶同工酶，它们都被用作生物标志物。
近年来，大量专利和文章集中研究了碳酸酐酶同工酶作为各种疾病和综合征的生物标志物，在过去十年中呈上升趋势。本综述重点介绍了与每种同工酶相关的最重要的研究，并涵盖了最新的专利文献。
近年来，CA 作为生物标志物的研究领域显著扩大，从 CAIX 和 CA XII 在癌症诊断、分期和预后中的主要用途，转向更广泛地将 CA 同工酶用作疾病生物标志物。CA 同工酶目前单独使用，或与其他 CA 同工酶和/或与其他蛋白质联合使用，用于检测、分期和预后范围广泛的人类功能障碍和疾病，从正常组织的轻度转化到组织结构和功能的极端变化。通过相关临床实例和相应的统计数据，介绍了用于检测/定量的技术以及每种临床应用的最新技术。
