Bacteriorhodopsin vesicles. An outline of the requirements for light-dependent H+ pumping.

A systematic study was performed to determine under which conditions bacteriorhodopsin can be applied as an energy generator in reconstituted systems. It is concluded that reconstitution of an active light-driven proton pump is possible over a wide range of conditions. High extents (per bacteriorhodopsin molecule) of proton uptake by reconstituted vesicles are found at a high lipid to protein ratio, after long sonication and at high pH. No active proton pump is obtained if reconstitution is attempted at high pH with neutral phospholipids or at low ionic strength with negatively charged lipids. Attention was also paid to the requirement of a crystalline array for active pumping; most likely, monomeric bacteriorhodopsin molecules can effectively pump protons.