Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA *Both authors equally contributed to the manuscript.
Toxicol Pathol. 2020 Jan;48(1):202-219. doi: 10.1177/0192623319857051. Epub 2019 Jul 3.
Pain is a complex constellation of cognitive, unpleasant sensory, and emotional experiences that primarily serves as a survival mechanism. Pain arises in the peripheral nervous system and pain signals synapse with nerve tracts extending into the central nervous system. Several different schemes are used to classify pain, including the underlying mechanism, tissues primarily affected, and time-course. Numerous animal models of pain, which should be employed with appropriate Institutional Animal Care and Use approvals, have been developed to elucidate pathophysiology mechanisms and aid in identification of novel therapeutic targets. The variety of available models underscores the observations that pain phenotypes are driven by several distinct mechanisms. Pain outcome measurement encompasses both reflexive (responses to heat, cold, mechanical and electrical stimuli) and nonreflexive (spontaneous pain responses to stimuli) behaviors. However, the question of translatability to human pain conditions and potential treatment outcomes remains a topic of continued scrutiny. In this review we discuss the different types of pain and their mechanisms and pathways, available rodent pain models with an emphasis on type of pain stimulations and pain outcome measures and discuss the role of pathologists in assessing and validating pain models.
疼痛是一种复杂的认知、不愉快的感觉和情感体验组合，主要作为一种生存机制。疼痛产生于外周神经系统，疼痛信号与延伸到中枢神经系统的神经束突触。有几种不同的疼痛分类方案，包括潜在的机制、主要受影响的组织和时间进程。已经开发了许多不同的动物疼痛模型，这些模型应在适当的机构动物护理和使用批准下使用，以阐明病理生理学机制并帮助确定新的治疗靶点。可用模型的多样性强调了这样一个观察结果，即疼痛表型是由几种不同的机制驱动的。疼痛结果测量包括反射（对热、冷、机械和电刺激的反应）和非反射（对刺激的自发疼痛反应）行为。然而，疼痛模型在人类疼痛状况和潜在治疗结果中的可翻译性问题仍然是一个持续关注的话题。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了不同类型的疼痛及其机制和途径，以及强调疼痛刺激类型和疼痛结果测量的可用啮齿动物疼痛模型，并讨论了病理学家在评估和验证疼痛模型中的作用。
