Department of Orthodontics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, MI, Italy.
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Venezia 1, 35131, Padua, Italy.
BMC Oral Health. 2019 Jul 8;19(1):135. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0808-3.
The aim of the present systematic review was to screen the literature and to describe current applications of augmented reality.
The protocol design was structured according to PRISMA-P guidelines and registered in PROSPERO. A review of the following databases was carried out: Medline, Ovid, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and the Gray literature. Data was extracted, summarized and collected for qualitative analysis and evaluated for individual risk of bias (R.O.B.) assessment, by two independent examiners. Collected data included: year of publishing, journal with reviewing system and impact factor, study design, sample size, target of the study, hardware(s) and software(s) used or custom developed, primary outcomes, field of interest and quantification of the displacement error and timing measurements, when available. Qualitative evidence synthesis refers to SPIDER.
From a primary research of 17,652 articles, 33 were considered in the review for qualitative synthesis. 16 among selected articles were eligible for quantitative synthesis of heterogenous data, 12 out of 13 judged the precision at least as acceptable, while 3 out of 6 described an increase in operation timing of about 1 h. 60% (n = 20) of selected studies refers to a camera-display augmented reality system while 21% (n = 7) refers to a head-mounted system. The software proposed in the articles were self-developed by 7 authors while the majority proposed commercially available ones. The applications proposed for augmented reality are: Oral and maxillo-facial surgery (OMS) in 21 studies, restorative dentistry in 5 studies, educational purposes in 4 studies and orthodontics in 1 study. The majority of the studies were carried on phantoms (51%) and those on patients were 11 (33%).
On the base of literature the current development is still insufficient for full validation process, however independent sources of customized software for augmented reality seems promising to help routinely procedures, complicate or specific interventions, education and learning. Oral and maxillofacial area is predominant, the results in precision are promising, while timing is still very controversial since some authors describe longer preparation time when using augmented reality up to 60 min while others describe a reduced operating time of 50/100%.
The following systematic review was registered in PROSPERO with RN: CRD42019120058.
本系统评价的目的是筛选文献并描述增强现实的当前应用。
根据 PRISMA-P 指南设计方案，并在 PROSPERO 中进行注册。对以下数据库进行了综述：Medline、Ovid、Embase、Cochrane 图书馆、Google Scholar 和灰色文献。由两名独立审查员提取、总结和收集数据，进行定性分析，并对个体偏倚风险（R.O.B.）评估进行评估。收集的数据包括：出版年份、有评审系统和影响因子的期刊、研究设计、样本量、研究目标、使用或定制开发的硬件和软件、主要结果、感兴趣的领域以及可用的位移误差和定时测量的量化。定性证据综合参考 SPIDER。
从最初的 17652 篇文章中，有 33 篇被纳入综述进行定性综合分析。在选定的文章中，有 16 篇可用于异质数据的定量综合分析，其中 13 篇中有 12 篇被认为精度至少可接受，而 6 篇中有 3 篇描述手术时间延长了约 1 小时。60%（n=20）的选定研究涉及摄像头显示增强现实系统，而 21%（n=7）涉及头戴式系统。文章中提出的软件有 7 位作者自行开发，而大多数作者提出了商业上可用的软件。增强现实的应用包括：口腔颌面外科（OMS）21 项研究、修复牙科 5 项研究、教育目的 4 项研究和正畸 1 项研究。大多数研究基于模型（51%），基于患者的研究有 11 项（33%）。
根据文献，目前的发展还不足以进行全面的验证过程，但增强现实的独立定制软件来源似乎有希望帮助常规手术、复杂或特殊干预、教育和学习。口腔颌面区域是主要的，精度结果是有希望的，而时间仍然非常有争议，因为一些作者描述使用增强现实时准备时间更长，可达 60 分钟，而另一些作者描述操作时间缩短了 50/100%。
本系统评价已在 PROSPERO 中以注册号 RN：CRD42019120058 进行注册。
