Schütze M, Wriege-Bechtold A, Zinati T, Söbke H, Wißmann I, Schulz M, Veser S, Londong J, Barjenbruch M, Alex J
ifak e. V., Werner-Heisenberg-Str. 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany E-mail:
Technical University Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
Water Sci Technol. 2019 May;79(10):1966-1976. doi: 10.2166/wst.2019.199.
New and alternative sanitation systems are increasingly discussed and find their way into implementation. However, discussions on sanitation concepts often are held in a rather emotional way. Furthermore, not all the available sanitation concepts might be known to the decision maker. The work presented here attempts to contribute to a good discussion and decision making process by compiling available technologies, by defining easy-to-implement criteria for a sustainability assessment method and by integrating these results into a simulation tool which allows to visualize the related resource fluxes (e.g. those on nutrients, such as N, P and K) and to analyse different sanitation options with regard to their capital and operational costs and with regard to environmental impact criteria such as greenhouse gas emissions. Whilst the calculations are to be considered as being approximate in their nature (due to uncertainties or lack of suitable input data), this tool allows the planners, with sometimes little modelling experience, to consider the characteristics of sanitation systems. Whilst starting from earlier work, such as Eawag's Sanitation Compendium and work on material flow analysis, work described in this contribution merges resource flux modelling, easy-to-use simulation and visualization and methods of life cycle assessment and life cycle costing. The simulation tool is freely available on https://www.ifak.eu/en/products/sampsons.
新型和替代性卫生系统的讨论日益增多，并逐渐付诸实施。然而，关于卫生概念的讨论往往带有相当浓厚的感情色彩。此外，决策者可能并不了解所有现有的卫生概念。本文所介绍的工作旨在通过汇总现有技术、为可持续性评估方法定义易于实施的标准，并将这些结果整合到一个模拟工具中，来推动良好的讨论和决策过程。该模拟工具能够直观呈现相关的资源流动情况（例如氮、磷、钾等养分的流动），并分析不同卫生选项在资本和运营成本以及温室气体排放等环境影响标准方面的情况。虽然由于不确定性或缺乏合适的输入数据，计算结果本质上只能是近似的，但这个工具能让有时几乎没有建模经验的规划者考虑卫生系统的特点。本文所述工作在早期研究（如瑞士联邦水科学与技术研究所的《卫生简编》以及物质流分析方面的工作）的基础上展开，将资源流建模、易于使用的模拟与可视化以及生命周期评估和生命周期成本核算方法结合起来。该模拟工具可在https://www.ifak.eu/en/products/sampsons上免费获取。
