Southern Federal University, 105 Bolshaya Sadovaya str., Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006.
Federal Research Center the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Chehova st., Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006.
Environ Geochem Health. 2021 Apr;43(4):1563-1581. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00379-3. Epub 2019 Jul 16.
The results of biogeochemical and bioindication studies on the resistance of natural populations of macrophyte plant-cattail (Typha australis Schum. & Thonn) on the coast of the Taganrog Bay of the Sea of Azov and the sea edge of the Don River delta with regard to local pollution zones are presented. Plant resistance has been assessed through manifestation of their protective functions in relation to heavy metals. An excess in the lithospheric Clarkes and MPC in Zn, Cd and Pb in Fluvisols has been found. The total index of soil pollution (Z) has made it possible to identify areas with different categories of contamination within the study area exposed to human impact. High mobility of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni in Fluvisols has been revealed, which is confirmed by the significant bioavailability of Zn, Cr and Cd that are accumulated in the macrophyte plant tissues. The absorption of heavy metals by cattail plants is allowed for both the soil and the water of the nearby reservoir, where aquatic systems are a kind of "biological filter" contributing to water purification from pollutants. The impact of the environmental stress factor has been found to be manifested not only in the features of heavy metal accumulation and distribution in plant tissues, but also at the morphological and anatomical level according to the type of prolification. Changes in the cell membranes as well as in main cytoplasmic organelles (mitochondria, plastids, pyroxis, etc.) of the root and leaf cells have been identified, the most significant changes in the ultrastructure being noted in the tissues of leaf chlorenchyma. It is assumed that the identified structural changes contribute to slowing down of the ontogenetic development of plants and reduction in their morphometric parameters when exposed to anthropogenic pollution. Therefore, cattails can be effectively used as biological indicators while determining environmental pressures.
本文展示了在亚速海塔甘罗格湾沿岸和顿河三角洲海域边缘的自然种群中，大型植物香蒲（Typha australis Schum. & Thonn）的生物地球化学和生物指示研究的结果，这些种群对当地污染带具有抗性。通过研究其重金属保护功能来评估植物的抗性。在腐殖土中发现了 Zn、Cd 和 Pb 的地幔克拉克值和 MPC 过量。土壤污染总指数（Z）使我们能够在研究区域内识别出不同类别污染的区域，这些区域受到人类活动的影响。在腐殖土中发现 Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr 和 Ni 具有较高的迁移率，这得到了 Zn、Cr 和 Cd 在香蒲植物组织中积累的显著生物利用度的证实。香蒲植物可以从土壤和附近水库的水中吸收重金属，其中水生系统是一种“生物过滤器”，有助于从污染物中净化水。研究发现，环境胁迫因素的影响不仅表现在植物组织中重金属的积累和分布特征上，而且还表现在形态和解剖学水平上，具体表现为增殖类型的不同。已确定细胞膜以及根和叶细胞的主要细胞质细胞器（线粒体、质体、pyroxis 等）发生了变化，在叶绿体组织中观察到超微结构的变化最为显著。据推测，在受到人为污染时，所识别的结构变化有助于减缓植物的个体发育并降低其形态学参数。因此，香蒲可以有效地用作生物指标，同时确定环境压力。
