Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
Homerton University Hospital, London, UK.
Psychol Med. 2021 Jan;51(1):30-42. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719001727. Epub 2019 Jul 22.
The present paper provides an updated review of both the large number of new/novel/emerging psychoactive substances (NPS) and their associated psychopathological consequences. Focus was here given on identification of those NPS being commented in specialised online sources and the related short-/long-term psychopathological and medical ill-health effects.
NPS have been identified through an innovative crawling/navigating software, called the 'NPS.Finder®', created in order to facilitate the process of early recognition of NPS online. A range of information regarding NPS, including chemical and street names; chemical formula; three-dimensional image and anecdotally reported clinical/psychoactive effects, were here made available.
Using the 'NPS.Finder®' approach, a few thousand NPS were here preliminarily identified, a number which is about 4-fold higher than those figures suggested by European and international drug agencies. NPS most commonly associated with the onset of psychopathological consequences included here synthetic cannabinoids/cannabimimetics; new synthetic opioids; ketamine-like dissociatives; novel stimulants; novel psychedelics and several prescription and over-the-counter medicines.
The ever-increasing changes in terms of recreational psychotropics' availability represent a relatively new challenge for psychiatry, as the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of many NPS have not been thoroughly understood. Health/mental health professionals should be informed about the range of NPS; their intake modalities; their psychoactive sought-after effects; the idiosyncratic psychotropics' combinations and finally, their medical and psychopathological risks.
本文对大量新型/新颖/新兴精神活性物质 (NPS) 及其相关的精神病理学后果进行了最新的综述。本文重点关注了在专业在线资源中被评论的 NPS，并对其短期/长期精神病理学和医学健康不良影响进行了识别。
通过一种名为“NPS.Finder®”的创新爬行/导航软件来识别 NPS，该软件旨在促进在线早期识别 NPS 的过程。本文提供了有关 NPS 的一系列信息，包括化学名称和街头名称、化学公式、三维图像以及据报道的临床/精神活性效应。
使用“NPS.Finder®”方法，初步确定了几千种 NPS，这一数字比欧洲和国际毒品机构所建议的数字高出约 4 倍。与精神病理学后果发生最常相关的 NPS 包括合成大麻素/大麻类似物、新型合成阿片类药物、氯胺酮类分离剂、新型兴奋剂、新型迷幻剂以及几种处方和非处方药物。
娱乐性精神药物供应方面的不断变化给精神病学带来了相对较新的挑战，因为许多 NPS 的药效学和药代动力学尚未得到充分理解。卫生/心理健康专业人员应了解 NPS 的范围、摄入方式、寻求的精神活性效应、独特的精神药物组合以及最终的医学和精神病理学风险。
