Explosive, oscillatory, and Leidenfrost boiling at the nanoscale.

We investigate the different boiling regimes around a single continuously laser-heated 80 nm gold nanoparticle and draw parallels to the classical picture of boiling. Initially, nanoscale boiling takes the form of transient, inertia-driven, unsustainable boiling events characteristic of a nanoscale boiling crisis. At higher heating power, nanoscale boiling is continuous, with a vapor film being sustained during heating for at least up to 20μs. Only at high heating powers does a substantial stable vapor nanobubble form. At intermediate heating powers, unstable boiling sometimes takes the form of remarkably stable nanobubble oscillations with frequencies between 40 MHz and 60 MHz, frequencies that are consistent with the relevant size scales according to the Rayleigh-Plesset model of bubble oscillation, though how applicable that model is to plasmonic vapor nanobubbles is not clear.