Poison Control Centre, Toulouse-Purpan University Hospital and Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre (ToNIC), INSERM1214, Toulouse-Purpan University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France.
Department of Neurology, Reference Center of Neuromuscular Disease, Grenoble University Hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France.
Mar Drugs. 2019 Jul 20;17(7):425. doi: 10.3390/md17070425.
Pinnatoxins (PnTXs) are emerging neurotoxins that were discovered about 30 years ago. They are solely produced by the marine dinoflagellate , and may be transferred into the food chain, as they have been found in various marine invertebrates, including bivalves. No human intoxication has been reported to date although acute toxicity was induced by PnTxs in rodents. LD values have been estimated for the different PnTXs through the oral route. At sublethal doses, all symptoms are reversible, and no neurological sequelae are visible. These symptoms are consistent with impairment of central and peripheral cholinergic network functions. In fact, PnTXs are high-affinity competitive antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Moreover, their lethal effects are consistent with the inhibition of muscle nAChRs, inducing respiratory distress and paralysis. Human intoxication by ingestion of PnTXs could result in various symptoms observed in episodes of poisoning with natural nAChR antagonists. This review updates the available data on PnTX toxicity with a focus on their mode of action on cholinergic networks and suggests the effects that could be extrapolated on human physiology.
短指石房蛤毒素（PnTXs）是约 30 年前发现的新兴神经毒素。它们仅由海洋甲藻产生，可能会转移到食物链中，因为它们已在各种海洋无脊椎动物中被发现，包括双壳类动物。尽管 PnTxs 已在啮齿动物中引起急性毒性，但迄今为止尚无人类中毒的报道。已通过口服途径估算了不同 PnTXs 的 LD 值。在亚致死剂量下，所有症状都是可逆的，没有明显的神经后遗症。这些症状与中枢和周围胆碱能网络功能受损一致。事实上，PnTXs 是烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChRs）的高亲和力竞争性拮抗剂。此外，它们的致死作用与肌肉 nAChRs 的抑制一致，导致呼吸困难和瘫痪。人类通过摄入 PnTXs 中毒可能会导致与天然 nAChR 拮抗剂中毒发作中观察到的各种症状。本综述更新了有关 PnTX 毒性的现有数据，重点介绍了它们对胆碱能网络的作用模式，并提出了可外推至人类生理学的影响。
