Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Japan.
FEBS Lett. 2019 Sep;593(17):2330-2340. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.13554. Epub 2019 Aug 2.
Organelles have been studied traditionally as single units, but a novel concept is now emerging: each organelle has distinct functional zones that regulate specific functions. The Golgi apparatus seems to have various zones, including zones for: glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins; proteoglycan, mucin and lipid glycosylation; transport of cholesterol and ceramides; protein degradation (Golgi membrane-associated degradation); and signalling for apoptosis. The capacity for these specific functions and the size of the corresponding zones appear to be tightly regulated by the Golgi stress response to accommodate cellular demands. For instance, the proteoglycan and mucin zones seem to be separately augmented during the differentiation of chondrocytes and goblet cells, respectively. The mammalian Golgi stress response consists of several response pathways. The TFE3 pathway regulates the general function of the Golgi, such as structural maintenance, N-glycosylation and vesicular transport, whereas the proteoglycan pathway increases the expression of glycosylation enzymes for proteoglycans. The CREB3 and HSP47 pathways regulate pro- and anti-apoptotic functions, respectively. These observations indicate that the Golgi is a dynamic organelle, the capacity of which is upregulated according to cellular needs.
细胞器一直以来都被作为单一的单元进行研究，但现在出现了一个新的概念：每个细胞器都有不同的功能区，调节特定的功能。高尔基体似乎有不同的功能区，包括糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白区、蛋白聚糖、黏蛋白和脂类糖基化区、胆固醇和神经酰胺的运输区、蛋白质降解（高尔基体膜相关降解）区和凋亡信号区。这些特定功能的能力和相应区域的大小似乎受到高尔基体应激反应的严格调控，以适应细胞的需求。例如，蛋白聚糖和黏蛋白区在软骨细胞和杯状细胞的分化过程中似乎分别得到了增强。哺乳动物高尔基体应激反应由几个反应途径组成。TFE3 途径调节高尔基体的一般功能，如结构维持、N-糖基化和囊泡运输，而蛋白聚糖途径则增加了蛋白聚糖糖基化酶的表达。CREB3 和 HSP47 途径分别调节促凋亡和抗凋亡功能。这些观察表明，高尔基体是一个动态的细胞器，其功能根据细胞的需要而上调。
