Baptista C A, DiDio L J, Davis J T, Teofilovski-Parapid G
Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699.
Surg Radiol Anat. 1988;10(2):151-60. doi: 10.1007/BF02307825.
The cardiac apex was defined and 3 types were presented: the anatomical apex, the base of which was established at the incisura apicis cordis; the amplified anatomical apex, twice the volume of the preceding; and the geometric apex, the distal third of the ventricles. These types of cardiac apex were studied in connection with the superficial branches of the coronary arteries at their level. The investigation was conducted on 81 normal hearts (56 males and 25 females) of 60 Caucasian and 21 non-Caucasian individuals. The arteries were injected with colored gelatine mixed with a radiopaque substance. The number of branches decreased from the geometric (the largest type) to the anatomical apex (the smallest): 27 on the surface of the geometric apex, 14 on the surface of the amplified anatomical apex, and 7 on the surface of the anatomical apex. The sternocostal aspect had a higher number of superficial branches than the diaphragmatic aspect in all types of cardiac apex. Sexual differences were found in the incidence of the r posterior ventriculi sinistri intermedius on the amplified anatomical apex as it was more frequent in females than in males. In the geometric apex there were 3 branches also more frequent in females: r anterior ventriculi sinistri inferior, r posterior ventriculi sinistri lateralis I, and r posterior ventriculi sinistri lateralis IV.
确定了心尖并呈现出3种类型：解剖学心尖，其基部位于心尖切迹处；放大的解剖学心尖，体积为前者的两倍；以及几何心尖，即心室的远侧三分之一。研究了这些类型的心尖与其水平处冠状动脉的浅表分支的关系。对60名白种人和21名非白种人的81颗正常心脏（56名男性和25名女性）进行了调查。向动脉内注入了与不透射线物质混合的彩色明胶。分支数量从几何心尖（最大类型）到解剖学心尖（最小类型）逐渐减少：几何心尖表面有27条分支，放大的解剖学心尖表面有14条分支，解剖学心尖表面有7条分支。在所有类型的心尖中，胸骨肋面的浅表分支数量均多于膈面。在放大的解剖学心尖上，左心室后中间支的发生率存在性别差异，女性比男性更常见。在几何心尖上，也有3条分支在女性中更常见：左心室前下支、左心室后外侧支I和左心室后外侧支IV。
