Sports injuries.

Broad epidemiological information about sporting injuries is lacking, but several studies have examined the spectrum of injuries seen in referral clinics and in particular sporting activities. Attempts have been made to define some of the conditions which increase susceptibility to injury. Other studies have examined the frequency and causes of specific injuries. The increasing popularity of physical exercise and sports participation has almost certainly been followed by an increase of athletic injuries, especially overuse syndromes. The impact of this demand on hospital services has been mitigated in Britain by the growth of private clinics. Nevertheless, back pain and knee disorders caused by sport account for a substantial percentage of hospital rheumatology and orthopaedic referrals. The disabling consequences of some common disorders and the sequelae of serious injury are discussed in relation to society's attitude to body contact sports and the implications for health and social security resources. Evidence that children are especially vulnerable to sporting injuries is not compelling. Long-term adverse effects of childhood athleticism have not been confirmed. Sporting authorities have a duty to lesson the risks of serious injury but cannot do so effectively without allowing proper research. The growth of sports medicine and its professional organization provide opportunities for the instruction of sports-people and their officials. Hospital involvement is important for the academic impetus it may provide. With the exception of knees that have undergone meniscectomy, osteoarthritis is not a well-documented outcome of sporting activity. Evidence that several risk factors for coronary artery disease are reduced by exercise is a major health advantage. Increased bone mass is another benefit, although in females who develop hypogonadism in response to strenuous exercise, osteopenia may follow. The benefits of exercise appear to outweigh the hazards.