Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid and Research Institute 'i+12', Madrid, Spain.
Am J Hum Biol. 2019 Nov;31(6):e23303. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23303. Epub 2019 Jul 30.
While altered sleep patterns (ie, low sleep time) have been studied and reported in adults as a new cardiometabolic risk factor, less information is available on how sleep patterns impact children of different ethnicities. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of blood pressure and other cardiometabolic risk factors in relation to different levels of sleep time in schoolchildren of Amerindian Mapuche or European-ancestry of Southern Chile.
In a cross-sectional study, 540 Chilean schoolchildren (6-13 years) were divided into two ethnic groups (n = 119 Mapuche Amerindians and n = 421 European-ancestry). Groups were analyzed according to sleep time per day as registered by parents' report and distributed into quartile categories of sleep time: Mapuche (quartile 1 [Q1] ≥10.0 h, n = 34; Q2 9.5-10.0 h, n = 29; Q3 8.5-9.0 h, n = 31; and Q4 ≤ 8.5 h, n = 25), and European (Q1, n = 99; Q2, n = 77; Q3, n = 144; Q4, n = 101). The main cardiovascular parameters (systolic [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure) were complemented with anthropometric/body composition (body mass, body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, fat mass, muscle mass, lean mass), cardiorespiratory (heart rate rest, oxygen saturation), and muscle strength (handgrip of dominant and non-dominant arm) outcomes.
From Q1 and across Q2, Q3, and Q4, there was an increase in delta mean SBP in both Mapuche (Δ +17.6 mm Hg) and European (Δ +7.3 mm Hg) schoolchildren with 30-90 min of decreased sleep time (using ≥10 h as reference in Q1). The tendency for worsening of other cardiometabolic risk factors was maintained for delta mean BMI (Δ +2.6 kg/m ), waist circumference (Δ +12 cm), and fat mass (Δ +8.3%) in Mapuches, whereas European peers showed only worsened waist circumference (Δ +6 cm) across Q2, Q3, and Q4 in comparison with reference Q1. There was also a higher prevalence of hypertension in Mapuche (31.1%) compared to in European schoolchildren (17.6%).
Mapuche and European schoolchildren show higher levels of SBP with a decrease in sleep time of 30 min; however, there is a higher prevalence of hypertension and obesity in ethnic Mapuches than in European schoolchildren. These findings indicate that more studies should be applied at early school ages for preventing low sleep time and their related cardiometabolic risk factors for hypertension development in different ethnic groups.
尽管睡眠模式的改变（即睡眠时间减少）已在成年人中被研究并报告为一种新的心血管代谢危险因素，但关于不同种族的儿童的睡眠模式如何影响其健康的信息较少。本研究的目的是比较不同睡眠时间水平与智利南部的美洲印第安人 Mapuche 或欧洲血统的学龄儿童的血压和其他心血管代谢危险因素之间的关系。
在一项横断面研究中，将 540 名智利学龄儿童（6-13 岁）分为两个种族组（n = 119 名 Mapuche 美洲印第安人和 n = 421 名欧洲血统）。根据父母报告记录的每日睡眠时间，将两组分为睡眠时间的四分位数类别：Mapuche（第 1 四分位数 [Q1] ≥10.0 h，n = 34；Q2 9.5-10.0 h，n = 29；Q3 8.5-9.0 h，n = 31；Q4 ≤ 8.5 h，n = 25）和欧洲人（Q1，n = 99；Q2，n = 77；Q3，n = 144；Q4，n = 101）。主要心血管参数（收缩压[SBP]和舒张压）与人体测量学/身体成分（体重、体重指数[BMI]、腰围、体脂肪量、肌肉量、瘦体重）、心肺功能（静息心率、血氧饱和度）和肌肉力量（优势和非优势手臂握力）结果相结合。
从 Q1 到 Q2、Q3 和 Q4，睡眠时间减少 30-90 分钟时，Mapuche（Δ+17.6 mmHg）和欧洲儿童（Δ+7.3 mmHg）的平均 SBP 均呈上升趋势（以 Q1 中的≥10 小时为参考）。在 Mapuche 中，其他心血管代谢危险因素的恶化趋势保持不变，平均 BMI（Δ+2.6 kg/m2）、腰围（Δ+12 cm）和脂肪量（Δ+8.3%）；而欧洲同龄人仅在 Q2、Q3 和 Q4 与参考 Q1 相比，腰围恶化（Δ+6 cm）。与欧洲学龄儿童相比，Mapuche 儿童的高血压患病率也更高（31.1%）。
Mapuche 和欧洲学龄儿童的 SBP 水平随着睡眠时间减少 30 分钟而升高；然而，在 Mapuche 族裔中，高血压和肥胖的患病率高于欧洲学龄儿童。这些发现表明，应该在早期的学龄阶段进行更多的研究，以预防不同种族群体中因睡眠时间减少及其相关心血管代谢危险因素导致的高血压的发生。
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