Management of Chronic Tendon Injuries.

Chronic tendon injuries are common athletic and occupational injuries that account for many physician visits. Tendons have a complex biology that provides a unique combination of strength, flexibility, and elasticity but also predisposes them to injury. The term tendinopathy is preferred to tendinitis because of the presence of a disordered and degenerative healing process-not inflammation-in the pathologic tendon. Insidious onset of pain and dysfunction is a common presentation for most tendinopathies, and patients typically report that a change in activity affected the use of the tendon. Diagnosis is typically based on history and physical examination findings, but radiography is an acceptable initial imaging modality. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging may be useful when the diagnosis is unclear. The mainstays of treatment are activity modification, relative rest, pain control, and protection. Early initiation of rehabilitative exercises that emphasize eccentric loading is also beneficial. Despite a lack of high-quality evidence, cryotherapy has a role in controlling pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs and corticosteroids have a role in treatment despite the lack of histologic evidence of inflammation. Short-term use of these drugs reduces pain and increases range of motion, which can assist patients in completing rehabilitative exercises. Care should be taken when injecting corticosteroids into and near major load-bearing tendons because of the risk of rupture. Topical nitroglycerin, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, and platelet-rich plasma injections have varying levels of evidence in certain tendinopathies and are additional nonsurgical treatment options.