Immunological considerations in the development of vaccines.

is an opportunistic human pathogen capable of causing a wide range of potentially life-threatening infections. With multidrug-resistant infections on the rise, the need for a rationally-designed vaccine against this pathogen is critical. A number of vaccine platforms have shown promising results in pre-clinical studies, but no vaccine has successfully advanced to licensure. Growing evidence suggests that an effective vaccine may require Th17-type CD4 T cells to prevent infection. In this review, we summarize recent pre-clinical studies of vaccines, specifically focusing on those that induce Th17-type cellular immunity. We also highlight the importance of adjuvant selection and immunization route in vaccine design in order to target vaccine-induced immunity to infected tissues. Advances in cellular immunology and adjuvant biology may ultimately influence better vaccine platforms that can protect targeted human populations.