Degradation of mixed dye via heterogeneous Fenton process: Studies of calcination, toxicity evaluation, and kinetics.

In this study, the degradation of mixed dye (mixture of Azure B and Congo red) was investigated using iron-loaded black soil as a catalyst via Fenton process. Iron-loaded black soil catalyst was prepared by the wet impregnation method, calcined at different temperatures with varying of iron loading on black soil. Their behavior was compared through characterization techniques (FTIR and XRD). Separately, the effect of calcination and aging of catalyst was investigated on the degradation of mixed dye with optimized conditions. Significant degradation (>90% only in 10 min) was observed in optimum conditions. Toxicity measurement was done by a seed germination test which gave significant results. In the kinetic study, it was found that Behnajady-Modirshahla-Ghanbery (BMG) model was the best suited for this process compared to other models. In addition, thermodynamic properties (Gibbs free energy [∆G], activation energy [E ], activation enthalpy [∆H], and activation entropy [∆S]) were also calculated. The stability of synthesized catalyst was found to be satisfactory. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Application of Iron-loaded black soil catalyst Mixed dye degradation and toxicity measurement Thermodynamic property studies.