Salvaggio Antonio, Tiralongo Francesco, Krasakopoulou Evangelia, Marmara Dimitra, Giovos Ioannis, Crupi Rosalia, Messina Giuseppina, Lombardo Bianca Maria, Marzullo Alessandra, Pecoraro Roberta, Scalisi Elena Maria, Copat Chiara, Zuccarello Pietro, Ferrante Margherita, Brundo Maria Violetta
Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily A. Mirri, Palermo, Italy.
Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
Front Physiol. 2019 Jul 16;10:905. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00905. eCollection 2019.
In recent years, the Mediterranean Sea has become an accumulation zone for waste generated by the 22 countries bordering its shores. Although the effects of plastic litter on the marine environment and on organisms have recently been studied in other areas, further information is needed for the Mediterranean Sea and, in particular, about plastics additives inputs and interactions with the biota and the trophic network, such as phthalates and bisphenol A. Plastic material production, use and disposal contribute also to the release of heavy metals into the environment, such as mercury (Hg), often used during the production of chlorine, the primary ingredient in PVC, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), which are used as stabilizers in PVC and leach out of products during use and disposal. Our research aims to evaluate phthalates, bisphenol A and heavy metals contamination in (Pisces, Trichiuridae), which could be considered as a potential sentinel species. For the evaluation of toxicological effects, we evaluated the expression of vitellogenin and metallothioneins 1. In all samples analyzed, we have not found microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract but chemical analysis revealed the presence of high content of phthalates, and in particular high quantities of DIDP, DEHP, bis-benzylester phthalate, bis-butyl ester phthalate and mono-N-butyl ester phthalate in different organs. Instead, trace elements detected in tissue revealed a trend of concentrations generally higher in liver and intestine than gill and muscle tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis for anti-metallothionein 1 antibody showed a strong positivity of liver cells, both in females and males. Analysis for the anti-vitellogenin antibody showed in females a strong positivity both in the liver cells and in the gonads, in male specimens was found to be always negative except for a specimen, in which it was highlighted a positivity in some areas of the liver and of the gonad.
近年来，地中海已成为其沿岸22个国家所产生废弃物的聚集区。尽管塑料垃圾对海洋环境和生物的影响最近在其他地区已得到研究，但地中海仍需要更多信息，特别是关于塑料添加剂的输入以及与生物群和营养网络的相互作用，如邻苯二甲酸盐和双酚A。塑料材料的生产、使用和处置也导致重金属释放到环境中，如汞（Hg），常用于生产聚氯乙烯（PVC）的主要成分氯的过程中，还有铅（Pb）和镉（Cd），它们在PVC中用作稳定剂，并在使用和处置过程中从产品中渗出。我们的研究旨在评估蓝点马鲛（硬骨鱼纲，鲭科）体内邻苯二甲酸盐、双酚A和重金属的污染情况，蓝点马鲛可被视为一种潜在的指示物种。为了评估毒理学效应，我们检测了卵黄蛋白原和金属硫蛋白1的表达。在所有分析的样本中，我们在胃肠道中未发现微塑料，但化学分析显示不同器官中存在高含量的邻苯二甲酸盐，特别是大量的邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯、邻苯二甲酸双苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸单丁酯。相反，在组织中检测到的微量元素显示，肝脏和肠道中的浓度普遍高于鳃和肌肉组织。抗金属硫蛋白1抗体的免疫组织化学分析显示，雌性和雄性的肝细胞均呈强阳性。抗卵黄蛋白原抗体的分析显示，雌性的肝细胞和性腺均呈强阳性，雄性标本除一个标本外均为阴性，在该标本中肝脏和性腺的某些区域显示出阳性。
