Morphometric convergence among European sand gobies in freshwater (Gobiiformes: Gobionellidae).

The five genera of sand gobies inhabit the seas and freshwaters of Europe and western Asia and occupy habitats ranging from fully marine to exclusively freshwater. In this study, we use geometric morphometrics to quantify body shape among sand gobies, in order to investigate how shape has evolved and how it is related to habitat. We also compare body shape between preserved museum specimens and fresh specimens, to determine whether or not fixation and storage in ethanol introduce detectable bias. We confirm that the fixed specimens exhibit significant shape changes as compared to fresh specimens, and so, we perform the bulk of our analyses exclusively on fixed specimens. We find that , , and occupy distinct regions of morphospace. and have intermediate forms that overlap with and , but not . This pattern is also in rough accordance with their habitats: is fully marine, fully freshwater, and the others fresh with some brackish tolerance. We augment a recent phylogeny of sand gobies with data for and interpret morphometric shape change on that tree. We then evaluate convergence in form among disparate lineages of freshwater species by constructing a phylomorphospace and applying pattern-based () measures of convergence. We find that freshwater taxa occupy a mostly separate region of morphospace from marine taxa and exhibit significant convergence in form. Freshwater taxa are characterized by relatively larger heads and stockier bodies than their marine relatives, potentially due to a common pattern of heterochronic size reduction.