State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
Institute of Soil Science, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
J Environ Manage. 2019 Nov 1;249:109330. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109330. Epub 2019 Aug 8.
Macrophytes root functional traits (RFTs) play central roles in the cycling of aquatic contaminants, and there is evidence that emerged macrophytes differ in macronutrients (N and P) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) abatement due to difference in RFTs. However, it remains ambiguous what root type of emerged macrophytes and their RFTs play more significant roles in the mineralization and removal of nutrients and heavy metals in aquatic systems. There is a clear need of intensive investigation on fibrous- and thick-root emerged macrophytes and their diverse RFTs in previous literatures to identify appropriate plants for phytoremediation technology. Morphological, physiological, anatomical, and symbiotic RFTs of fibrous-root emerged macrophytes favour the nutrients and heavy metals uptake. Thick-root emerged macrophytes with greater root rhizomes, lignifications and suberization illustrate tolerance under higher stress. Besides higher removal abilities of fibrous-root macrophytes, their limited lifespan and stress tolerance are the challenges for long-term removal of metals. Thus, it is still infancy to wrap up at once that the fibrous-root macrophytes and their RFTs are equally efficient for removal of heavy metals from aquatic ecosystems. Several advance techniques include cisgenesis intragenesis, symbiotic endophytes, and plant-harboring microbes are emerging to improve the RFTs of plants. These techniques need to be employed in emerged macrophytes to achieve desirable RFTs and targets. Still, these macrophytes require advanced studies on emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceutical and personal care products, organic carbon stability, and mitigation of greenhouse gases emission.
挺水植物根功能性状（RFTs）在水生污染物的循环中起着核心作用，有证据表明，由于 RFTs 的不同，新兴挺水植物在去除大量营养物质（N 和 P）和重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Zn）方面存在差异。然而，哪种挺水植物的根类型及其 RFTs 在水生系统中对营养物质和重金属的矿化和去除中发挥更重要的作用仍不清楚。在之前的文献中，需要对纤维状和厚根挺水植物及其不同的 RFTs 进行深入研究，以确定适合植物修复技术的植物。纤维状挺水植物的形态、生理、解剖和共生 RFTs 有利于营养物质和重金属的吸收。具有较大根根茎、木质化和栓质化的厚根挺水植物在较高的胁迫下表现出耐受性。除了纤维状挺水植物具有较高的去除能力外，它们有限的寿命和抗胁迫能力是长期去除金属的挑战。因此，目前还不能一概而论地认为纤维状挺水植物及其 RFTs 在从水生生态系统中去除重金属方面同样有效。包括顺式基因工程、共生内生菌和植物携带微生物在内的几种先进技术正在涌现，以改善植物的 RFTs。这些技术需要应用于挺水植物，以实现理想的 RFTs 和目标。然而，这些挺水植物还需要对新兴污染物（如药物和个人护理产品、有机碳稳定性以及减少温室气体排放）进行深入研究。
