Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany.
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2019 Oct;164:107068. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107068. Epub 2019 Aug 12.
Appetitive conditioning is considered a central mechanism for the vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. However, the investigation of individual differences that are related to altered appetitive learning has been almost neglected so far. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between neuroticism and appetitive conditioning processes. 79 subjects participated in a differential conditioning procedure in which a conditioned stimulus (CS+) was paired with a reward (money) after a fast behavioral response, while a second conditioned stimulus (CS-) was never followed by a reward, irrespective of the behavioral response. As a main result, neuroticism correlated negatively with the underlying neural processes of appetitive conditioning in females, but not in males. In detail, higher levels of neuroticism were associated with decreased neural responses in the left (p = .001) and right amygdala (p = .011), left (p = .063) and right (p = .019) nucleus accumbens, and left (p = .002) and right (p = .021) orbitofrontal cortex (all results are family-wise-error-corrected). The present results support previous findings, which also showed an inverse sex-specific effect in the context of neuroticism and emotional processing in females. In addition, the findings suggest that neuroticism is not solely linked to increased amygdala sensitivity during the processing of negative stimuli but also to decreased neural responses when processing rewarding stimuli. Possible explanations for the sex differences and implications are discussed.
** appetitive conditioning**：** 食欲条件反射**
** appetitive learning**：** 食欲学习**
** neuroticism**：** 神经质**
** conditioned stimulus**：** 条件刺激**
** differential conditioning procedure**：** 差异条件反射程序**
** conditioned stimulus (CS+)： 条件刺激 1（CS+）**
** reward**：** 奖励**
** behavioral response**：** 行为反应**
** conditioned stimulus (CS-)： 条件刺激 2（CS-）**
** nucleus accumbens**：** 伏隔核**
** orbitofrontal cortex**：** 眶额皮质**
** family-wise-error-corrected**：** 全脑错误校正**
** sex-specific effect**：** 性别特异性效应**
** inverse sex-specific effect**：** 相反的性别特异性效应**
** emotional processing**：** 情绪处理**
** increased amygdala sensitivity**：** 杏仁核敏感性增加**
** decreased neural responses**：** 神经反应降低**
** possible explanations**：** 可能的解释**
** implications**：** 影响**
** appetitive conditioning is considered a central mechanism for the vulnerability to psychiatric disorders**：** 食欲条件反射被认为是易患精神疾病的核心机制**
** However, the investigation of individual differences that are related to altered appetitive learning has been almost neglected so far**：** 然而，迄今为止，几乎忽略了与改变的食欲学习相关的个体差异的研究**
** The aim of this study was to investigate the link between neuroticism and appetitive conditioning processes**：** 本研究的目的是探讨神经质和食欲条件反射过程之间的联系**
** 79 subjects participated in a differential conditioning procedure in which a conditioned stimulus (CS+) was paired with a reward (money) after a fast behavioral response, while a second conditioned stimulus (CS-) was never followed by a reward, irrespective of the behavioral response**：** 79 名受试者参与了一项差异条件反射程序，其中条件刺激 1（CS+）在快速行为反应后与奖励（金钱）配对，而第二个条件刺激 2（CS-）无论行为反应如何，都从不跟随奖励**
** As a main result, neuroticism correlated negatively with the underlying neural processes of appetitive conditioning in females, but not in males**：** 作为主要结果，神经质与女性的食欲条件反射的潜在神经过程呈负相关，但与男性无关**
** In detail, higher levels of neuroticism were associated with decreased neural responses in the left (p = .001) and right amygdala (p = .011), left (p = .063) and right (p = .019) nucleus accumbens, and left (p = .002) and right (p = .021) orbitofrontal cortex (all results are family-wise-error-corrected)： 具体来说，较高水平的神经质与左（p = .001）和右杏仁核（p = .011）、左（p = .063）和右（p = .019）伏隔核以及左（p = .002）和右（p = .021）眶额皮质的神经反应降低有关（所有结果均经过全脑错误校正）**
** The present results support previous findings, which also showed an inverse sex-specific effect in the context of neuroticism and emotional processing in females**：** 目前的结果支持之前的发现，这些发现也表明在神经质和女性情绪处理的背景下存在相反的性别特异性效应**
** In addition, the findings suggest that neuroticism is not solely linked to increased amygdala sensitivity during the processing of negative stimuli but also to decreased neural responses when processing rewarding stimuli**：** 此外，这些发现表明，神经质不仅仅与负面刺激处理过程中的杏仁核敏感性增加有关，而且与奖励刺激处理过程中的神经反应降低有关**
** Possible explanations for the sex differences and implications are discussed**：** 讨论了性别差异的可能解释和影响**
