Genomic profiling of a dedifferentiated mucosal melanoma following exposure to immunotherapy.

The treatment landscape for metastatic melanoma has been revolutionised by the introduction of immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Despite these advances, some patients exhibit primary or acquired resistance to treatment. We present the case of a resected mucosal melanoma that on relapse underwent transformation to a dedifferentiated state. The relapsed tumour was phenotypically disparate and demonstrated loss of all typical melanoma-associated immunohistochemical markers. Furthermore, it demonstrated aggressive biological behaviour and immunotherapy resistance. We performed genomic profiling of the original and relapsed tumour to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying this rare phenomenon. Mass spectrometry-based single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping technology was used to screen for mutations in the original and recurrent tumour. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the original tumour, recurrent tumour and blood. Both the original and recurrent tumour shared a NRAS mutation, a similar aneuploidy profile and proportion of somatic single-nucleotide variants. However, in contrast to the original tumour, the recurrent tumour demonstrated a lower mutational burden and deletions in the CDKN2A/CDKN2B and CHEK2 genes. The genomic similarity between the original and recurrent tumour attests to a common ancestry and the possible existence of nongenomic drivers inciting phenotype plasticity. In contrast, the low mutational load and potential inactivation of tumour suppressor genes in the recurrent tumour may underlie its rapid proliferative rate and immunoresistance. Dynamic treatment models are desired in the future to track the genomic and epigenetic evolution of a tumour to guide optimal therapy choice and sequencing.