Scalable submicron/micron silicon particles stabilized in a robust graphite-carbon architecture for enhanced lithium storage.

Silicon-carbon composite is recognized as one of the most promising next-generation anodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries, especially silicon-graphite composites. Herein, cost-efficient and scalable submicron/micron silicon particles are stabilized in a robust graphite-carbon architecture by solid-phase ball milling and liquid-phase coating methods. The obtained silicon-graphite-carbon composite with a stable encapsulated sandwich-like architecture exhibits impressive lithium storage performance, including high initial Coulombic efficiency of 83.7%, outstanding cycle stability and remarkable rate capability. Even at high loadings of 4 mg cm, it still exhibits great reversible capacity with 620 mA h g after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. Furthermore, 8 wt% silicon-graphite-carbon composites as additives are applied into the full cell with a designed capacity of 1000 mA h, and the full cell displays superior cycle stability with high capacity retention of 85% after 100 cycles. In addition, the scalable and low-cost preparation makes it enormous application value and huge commercial prospect.