Boosting Cr(VI) detoxification and sequestration efficiency with carbon nanotube electrochemical filter functionalized with nanoscale polyaniline: Performance and mechanism.

Being able to simultaneously reduce and adsorb highly toxic Cr(VI) from bodies of water would provide a significant advance in the treatment of water pollution. Herein, we report on the design of an electroactive filter consisting of nanoscale polyaniline modified carbon nanotubes (PANI-CNT). In an electric field, both Cr(VI) reduction kinetics and Cr(III) sorption capacity were enhanced as the flow rate and voltage increased. At pH 7, Cr(VI) removal efficiency increased from 29.3% at 0 V to 70.2% at 2.5 V. This can be ascribed to superior electrical conductivity, more available active sites and limited pore size of the PANI-CNT filter, further boosted by the flow-through operation. Due to convection-enhanced mass transport, the proposed continuous-flow PANI-CNT filter demonstrated an evidently enhanced kinetic process when compared to conventional batch system. Various advanced assessments and density functional theory calculations verified the essential role of the electric field during Cr(VI) removal. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) examinations showed that the Cr was mainly sequestered by the PANI. It was also confirmed that an exhausted PANI-CNT filter can be regenerated by chemical washing with an HCl solution. Experiments with actual Cr(VI)-contaminated electroplating wastewater further verified the effectiveness of the system, with complete Cr(VI) transformation and a 50% Cr removal efficiency at 2.5 V with a flow rate of 3 mL/min. This study provides new insights into practical continuous-flow solutions to the effective removal of highly toxic Cr(VI).