Battaglini Luca, Mioni Giovanna
Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2019 Aug;199:102921. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102921. Epub 2019 Aug 21.
The effects of moving task-irrelevant objects on time-to-contact (TTC) judgments are examined in six experiments. In particular, we investigated the effects of the symbolic meaning of speed on TTC by presenting images of objects recalling the symbolic meaning of high speed (motorbike, rocket, formula one, rabbit, cheetah and flying Superman) and low speed (bicycle, hot-air balloon, tank, turtle, elephant and static Superman). In all experiments, participants judged the TTC of these moving objects with a black line, indicating the end of the occlusion. Experiment 7 was conducted to disambiguate whether the effects on TTC, found in the previous experiments, were either a by-product of a speed illusion or they were rather elicited by the implicit timing task. In a two-interval forced choice task, participants were instructed to judge if "high-speed objects" moved actually faster than "slow-speed objects". The results revealed no consistent speed illusion. Taken together the results showed shorter TTC estimated with stimuli recalling the meaning of high compared to low speed, but only with the long occlusion duration (3.14 s). At shorter occlusion durations, the pattern was reversed (participant tend to have shorter TTC with stimuli recalling the meaning of low speed). We suggest that the symbolic meaning of speed works mainly at low speed and long TTC, because the semantic elaboration of the stimulus needs a deeper cognitive elaboration. On the other hand, at higher speeds, a small erroneous perceptual judgment affects the TTC, perhaps due to a speed expectancy violation of the expected "slow object".
在六个实验中研究了移动与任务无关的物体对接触时间（TTC）判断的影响。具体而言，我们通过呈现唤起高速（摩托车、火箭、一级方程式赛车、兔子、猎豹和飞行的超人）和低速（自行车、热气球、坦克、乌龟、大象和静止的超人）象征意义的物体图像，研究了速度的象征意义对TTC的影响。在所有实验中，参与者用一条黑线判断这些移动物体的TTC，黑线表示遮挡结束。进行实验7是为了明确先前实验中发现的对TTC的影响是速度错觉的副产品，还是由隐式计时任务引发的。在一个两间隔强制选择任务中，参与者被要求判断“高速物体”是否实际上比“低速物体”移动得更快。结果显示没有一致的速度错觉。综合结果表明，与低速相比，唤起高速意义的刺激估计的TTC更短，但仅在长遮挡持续时间（3.14秒）时如此。在较短的遮挡持续时间下，模式相反（参与者倾向于对唤起低速意义的刺激有更短的TTC）。我们认为速度的象征意义主要在低速和长TTC时起作用，因为刺激的语义加工需要更深入的认知加工。另一方面，在较高速度下，一个小的错误感知判断会影响TTC，这可能是由于对预期“慢速物体”的速度预期违反。
