Effects of phthalates on bovine primary testicular culture and spermatozoa.

Among environmental endocrine-active chemicals, phthalates, commonly known as plasticizers, disrupt the development of the male reproductive tract. In this study, the effects of phthalates (DIBP, BBP, DINP, DBP, DEP, DEHP and DMP) were evaluated on cultures of bovine primary male reproductive cells (n = 3) and spermatozoa (n = 4). Epididymal (caput and corpus epididymis), testicular (parenchymal and mediastinal/tubular) and vas deferens cells (VDC) were prepared from samples collected from slaughterhouse. Second part of caput epididymis which have fewer amount of principal cells, were found to be less affected compared to the first part except DEHP; while corpus epididymis was found to be more affected with IC values below 0.976 ng/mL (except for DEP at 4.97 ng/mL). In testicular parenchymal cells, IC ranged from 0.15 to 4.11 ng/mL and for mediastinum from 0.01 to 7.31 ng/mL; where cytotoxic effects were more evident in mediastinal section. Least cytotoxic and even proliferational effects (DEHP, DMP and DEP) were observed in VDC, the muscular tube carrying sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. Least spermiotoxic phthalate was DBP (3.928 ng/mL); while DINP (0.550 ng/mL) induced highest cytotoxic effect on bovine spermatozoa. Differences in the cellular structure and/or the androgen receptor distribution effect the toxicity of phthalates. Our preliminary findings on bovine spermatozoa indicate possible morphological and motility alterations; which challenges further investigation of the transition of phthalates on semen straws used in cryopreservation. Increase of exposure to environmental contaminants raise the issue of the requirement of a new perspective on reproductive health, species and tissue specific differences should further be emphasized.