Theoretical Study on DBU-Catalyzed Insertion of Isatins into Aryl Difluoronitromethyl Ketones: A Case for Predicting Chemoselectivity Using Electrophilic Parr Function.

The possible mechanisms of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)-catalyzed chemoselective insertion of -methyl isatin into aryl difluoronitromethyl ketone to synthesize 3,3-disubstituted and 2,2-disubstituted oxindoles have been studied in this work. As revealed by calculated results, the reaction occurs via two competing paths, including α and β carbonyl paths, and each path contains five steps, that is, nucleophilic addition of DBU to ketone, C-C bond cleavage affording difluoromethylnitrate anion and phenylcarbonyl-DBU cation, nucleophilic addition of difluoromethylnitrate anion to carbonyl carbon of -methyl isatin, acyl transfer process, and dissociation of DBU and product. The computational results suggest that nucleophilic additions on different carbonyl carbons of -methyl isatin via α and β carbonyl paths would lead to different products in the third step, and β carbonyl path associated with the main product 3,3-disubstituted oxindole is more energetically favorable, which is consistent with the experimental observations. Noteworthy, electrophilic Parr function can be successfully applied for exactly predicting the activity of reaction site and reasonably explaining the chemoselectivity. In addition, the distortion/interaction and noncovalent interaction analyses show that much more hydrogen bond interactions should be responsible for the lower energy of the transition state associated with β carbonyl path. The obtained insights would be valuable for the rational design of efficient organocatalysts for this kind of reactions with high selectivities.