Screening of reference genes and quantitative real-time PCR detection and verification in Dermatophagoides farinae under temperature stress.

Dermatophagoides farinae is an important source of indoor allergens that shows strong tolerance to external temperatures. However, the regularity and mechanism of tolerance are still unclear. Based on our previous RNA-seq and annotation of D. farinae under temperature stress, it is planned to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the temperature stress response by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). However, the lack of reference genes directly limited the detection and confirmation of DEGs. Accordingly, in this study, we have selected six candidates as reference genes in D. farinae: 60S RP L11, 60S RP L21, α tubulin, GAPDH, Der f Mal f 6, and calreticulin, and evaluated their expression stabilities as affected by heat and cold stresses, using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, comparative ΔCt and RefFinder methods. Then the expression level of 15 DEGs were detected and verified. geNorm analysis showed that α tubulin and calreticulin were the most stable reference genes under heat stress and cold stress of D. farinae. Similar evaluation results were obtained by NormFinder and BestKeeper, in which 60S RP L21 and α tubulin were the most stable reference genes. By comparative ΔCt method and a comprehensive evaluation of RefFinder, α tubulin was identified as the most ideal reference gene of D. farinae under heat and cold stresses. Furthermore, qRT-PCR detection results of 15 DEGs were almost identical to the RNA-seq results, indicating that α tubulin is stable as a reference gene. This study provided technical support for DEGs expression studies in D. farinae using qRT-PCR.