Testa Antonella, Palma Valentina, Patrono Clarice
Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy.
Methods Mol Biol. 2019;2031:105-119. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9646-9_5.
Biological dosimetry is an essential tool for estimating radiation doses received from individuals when the physical dosimetry is not available or inadequate. Early knowledge about the absorbed dose levels in radiation accidents is of paramount importance for selecting the unaffected subjects from those individuals requiring medical evaluation and intervention. A lesson learned from many radiological incidents is the importance to identify the "worried well."Several assays are useful for biological dosimetry approaches, since no one single assay is sufficiently robust for all potential radiation scenarios including early-phase acute exposures, partial-body exposures, and biosampling years after exposure or in case of suspected mixed exposures (radiological and chemicals).The most commonly used biodosimetry methods are based on the evaluation of the radiation-specific dicentric chromosomes (Dic) and micronuclei (MN) in exposed individuals' peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).The present chapter does not claim to make an exhaustive and complete picture on the complex world of biodosimetry, to which a large number of specific guidelines for performing laboratory services by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) are dedicated, but it aims to support the reader in understanding the application of two cytogenetic methods in the individual ionizing radiation dose assessment, suggesting some appropriate scientific sources to consult for each case.
当物理剂量测定不可行或不充分时，生物剂量测定是估算个体所受辐射剂量的重要工具。在辐射事故中，尽早了解吸收剂量水平对于从需要医学评估和干预的个体中挑选出未受影响的对象至关重要。从许多放射事件中吸取的一个教训是识别“杞人忧天者”的重要性。有几种检测方法可用于生物剂量测定，因为没有一种单一检测方法能适用于所有潜在的辐射情况，包括早期急性暴露、局部身体暴露、暴露数年或疑似混合暴露（放射和化学物质）后的生物样本采集。最常用的生物剂量测定方法是基于对受照个体外周血淋巴细胞（PBL）中辐射特异性双着丝粒染色体（Dic）和微核（MN）的评估。本章并不声称对复杂的生物剂量测定领域进行详尽无遗的描述，国际标准化组织（ISO）针对实验室服务制定了大量具体指南，本章旨在帮助读者理解两种细胞遗传学方法在个体电离辐射剂量评估中的应用，并针对每种情况建议一些合适的科学资料来源以供参考。
