Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 94307, USA; email:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA.
Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2020 Jan 3;12:121-151. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010727. Epub 2019 Sep 3.
Tides are changing worldwide at rates not explained by astronomical forcing. Rather, the observed evolution of tides and other long waves, such as storm surges, is influenced by shelf processes and changes to the roughness, depth, width, and length of embayments, estuaries, and tidal rivers. In this review, we focus on processes in estuaries and tidal rivers, because that is where the largest changes to tidal properties are occurring. Recent literature shows that changes in tidal amplitude have been ubiquitous worldwide over the past century, often in response to wetland reclamation, channel dredging, and other environmental changes. While tidal amplitude changes are sometimes slight (<1%) or even negative, we identify two types of systems that are particularly prone to tidal amplification: () shallow, strongly damped systems, in which a small increase in depth produces a large decrease in effective friction, and () systems in which wave reflection and resonance are strongly influenced by changes to depth, friction, and convergence. The largest changes in amplitude occur inland, some distance from the coast, and can sometimes be measured in meters. Tide changes are a leading indicator that the dynamics of storm surges and river flood waves have also changed and are often associated with shifts in sediment transport, salinity intrusion, and ecosystem properties. Therefore, the dynamics of tidal evolution have major implications for coastal management, particularly for systems that are sensitive to changes in geometry induced by sea-level rise and anthropogenic development.
全球潮汐正在以无法用天文引力解释的速度发生变化。相反，潮汐和其他长波（如风暴潮）的观测演变受到陆架过程以及海湾、河口和潮汐河的粗糙度、深度、宽度和长度变化的影响。在这篇综述中，我们专注于河口和潮汐河中的过程，因为这是潮汐特性发生最大变化的地方。最近的文献表明，在过去一个世纪中，全球范围内的潮汐幅度变化普遍存在，这通常是对湿地开垦、航道疏浚和其他环境变化的响应。虽然潮汐幅度变化有时很小（<1%）甚至为负，但我们确定了两种特别容易发生潮汐放大的系统：() 浅而阻尼强烈的系统，其中深度的微小增加会导致有效摩擦力的大幅降低，和 () 波浪反射和共振强烈受到深度、摩擦力和汇聚变化影响的系统。幅度的最大变化发生在离海岸有一定距离的内陆地区，有时可以测量到几米。潮汐变化是风暴潮和河流洪水波动力学也发生变化的一个主要指标，而且通常与泥沙输运、盐度入侵和生态系统特性的变化有关。因此，潮汐演变的动力学对沿海管理具有重大影响，特别是对那些对海平面上升和人为开发引起的几何变化敏感的系统。
