Early Lithium Plating Behavior in Confined Nanospace of 3D Lithiophilic Carbon Matrix for Stable Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

Considerable efforts are devoted to relieve the critical lithium dendritic and volume change problems in the lithium metal anode. Constructing uniform Li distribution and lithium "host" are shown to be the most promising strategies to drive practical lithium metal anode development. Herein, a uniform Li nucleation/growth behavior in a confined nanospace is verified by constructing vertical graphene on a 3D commercial copper mesh. The difference of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) composition and lithium growth behavior in the confined nanospace is further demonstrated by in-depth X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and line-scan energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) methods. As a result, a high Columbic efficiency of 97% beyond 250 cycles at a current density of 2 mA cm and a prolonged lifespan of symmetrical cell (500 cycles at 5 mA cm ) can be easily achieved. More meaningfully, the solid-state lithium metal cell paired with the composite lithium anode and LiNi Co Mn O (NCM) as the cathode also demonstrate reduced polarization and extended cycle. The present confined nanospace-derived hybrid anode can further promote the development of future all solid-state lithium metal batteries.