University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Sturt University, Australia.
University of Sydney, Australia.
Hum Mov Sci. 2019 Oct;67:102512. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102512. Epub 2019 Sep 4.
Due to the redundant degrees of freedom (DOF) and nonlinearity of reactional kinetic elements within the human motor apparatus, controlling the complex dynamics of the human musculoskeletal system presents considerable difficulties. Based on this challenge, Bernstein (1967) viewed skill development as the process whereby the central nervous system (CNS) gains mastery of kinematic DOF and kinetic reactional elements (passive forces, moments etc.), with the highest level of skill characterised by optimal exploitation of reactional elements in the achievement of movement goals. A previous kinematic investigation into coordination differences in a complex multidirectional dance sequence demonstrated that general unfreezing of kinematic DOF occurred as dance skill progressed (Chang et al., submitted for publication). To gain insight into the role of angular reactional elements in skill, the present kinetic study investigated angular momentum and associated variables across three skill levels (beginners, intermediates, experts) within this same complex dance sequence. The results showed that the angular momenta of segments and accompanying angular reactional elements generally increased with skill level. More specifically, the findings suggested that while improvements in movement economy from cancellation of angular momentum between body segments occur early in skill progression, later in skill progression, experts utilise increased whole-body angular momentum. Although this is energetically expensive, it may enhance the aesthetic value of dance movements, and/or have mechanical advantages. Overall, the findings here provide support for Bernstein's (1967) model of skill development. Future research should quantify the relations between energy expenditure, key biomechanical variables that reflect skill and dance aesthetics as perceived by audiences.
由于人类运动器官中反应动力学元素的多余自由度（DOF）和非线性，控制复杂的人体运动骨骼系统动力学具有相当大的难度。基于这一挑战，伯恩斯坦（1967）认为技能发展是中枢神经系统（CNS）掌握运动自由度和反应动力学元素（被动力、力矩等）的过程，最高水平的技能表现为在实现运动目标时最佳利用反应动力学元素。先前对复杂多向舞蹈序列中的协调差异进行的运动学研究表明，随着舞蹈技能的提高，运动自由度的一般解冻会发生（Chang 等人，提交出版）。为了深入了解角反应元素在技能中的作用，本动力学研究在同一复杂舞蹈序列中，在三个技能水平（初学者、中级、专家）上研究了角动量和相关变量。结果表明，随着技能水平的提高，各部分的角动量和伴随的角反应元素通常会增加。更具体地说，研究结果表明，虽然身体各部分之间角动量的抵消会提高运动经济性，从而在技能发展的早期得到改善，但在技能发展的后期，专家会利用增加的整个身体角动量。尽管这在能量上是昂贵的，但它可能会提高舞蹈动作的美学价值，和/或具有机械优势。总体而言，这里的研究结果为伯恩斯坦（1967）的技能发展模型提供了支持。未来的研究应该量化能量消耗、反映技能和观众感知的舞蹈美学的关键生物力学变量之间的关系。
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