Identification and characterization of benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives as the first potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors of chromodomain protein CDYL.

Chemical probes of epigenetic 'readers' of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) have become powerful tools for mechanistic and functional studies of their target proteins in physiology and pathology. However, only limited 'reader' probes have been developed, which restricted our understanding towards these macromolecules and their roles in cells or animals. Here, we reported a structure-guided approach to develop and characterize benzo [d]oxazol-2(3H)-one analogs as the first potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors of chromodomain Y-like (CDYL), a histone methyllysine reader protein. The binding conformation between the chromodomain of CDYL and the modified peptidomimetics was studied via molecular docking and dynamic simulations, facilitating subsequent virtual screening of tens of hits from Specs chemical library validated by SPR technique (K values: from 271.1 μM to 5.4 μM). Further design and synthesis of 43 compounds helped to interpret the structure-activity relationship (SAR) that lead to the discovery of novel small-molecule inhibitors of CDYL. Compound D03 (K: 0.5 μM) was discovered and showed excellent selectivity among other chromodomain proteins, including CDYL2 (>140 folds), CDY1 (no observed binding) and CBX7 (>32 folds). Moreover, we demonstrated that D03 engaged with endogenous CDYL in a dose-dependent manner, and perturbed the recruitment of CDYL onto chromatin, resulting in transcriptional derepression of its target genes. Finally, the results showed that D03 promoted the development and branching of neurodendrites by inhibiting CDYL in hippocampal and cortical cultured neurons. This study not only discovers the first selective small-molecule inhibitors of CDYL, but provids a new chemical tool to intervene the dynamic nature of bio-macromolecules involved in epigenetic mechanism.