Rawla Prashanth, Sunkara Tagore, Thandra Krishna Chaitanya, Barsouk Adam
Department of Internal Medicine/Hospitalist, Sovah Health, Martinsville, VA, United States.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mercy Medical Center, Des Moines, IA, United States.
Clin Exp Hepatol. 2019 May;5(2):93-102. doi: 10.5114/ceh.2019.85166. Epub 2019 May 23.
According to GLOBOCAN 2018 data, gallbladder cancer (GBC) accounts for 1.2% of all global cancer diagnoses, but 1.7% of all cancer deaths. Only 1 in 5 GBC cases in the United States is diagnosed at an early stage, and median survival for advanced stage cancer is no more than about a year. The incidence of the disease is increasing in the developed world. Gallstones, biliary cysts, carcinogen exposure, typhoid, and Helicobacter pylori infection, and abnormal pancreaticobiliary duct junctions are all risk factors, many of which account for its geographical, ethnic and sex distribution. Genetics also plays a strong role, as about a quarter of GBC cases are considered familial, and certain ethnicities, such as Native Americans, are at far higher risk for the neoplasm. Prevention includes weight loss, vaccination against and treatment of bacterial infections, early detection and elimination of polyps and cysts, and avoidance of oral estrogen replacement therapy.
根据全球癌症统计2018年的数据，胆囊癌（GBC）占全球所有癌症诊断病例的1.2%，但占所有癌症死亡病例的1.7%。在美国，只有五分之一的胆囊癌病例在早期被诊断出来，晚期癌症的中位生存期不超过一年左右。在发达国家，这种疾病的发病率正在上升。胆结石、胆管囊肿、致癌物接触、伤寒、幽门螺杆菌感染以及胰胆管异常汇合都是危险因素，其中许多因素解释了其地理、种族和性别分布情况。遗传学也起着重要作用，因为大约四分之一的胆囊癌病例被认为是家族性的，某些种族，如美国原住民，患这种肿瘤的风险要高得多。预防措施包括减肥、针对细菌感染进行疫苗接种和治疗、早期发现并切除息肉和囊肿，以及避免口服雌激素替代疗法。
