Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany.
Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
mBio. 2019 Sep 10;10(5):e01884-19. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01884-19.
Bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, are highly abundant in the biosphere and have a major impact on microbial populations. Many examples of phage interactions with their hosts, including establishment of dormant lysogenic and active lytic states, have been characterized at the level of the individual cell. However, much less is known about the dependence of these interactions on host metabolism and signal exchange within bacterial communities. In this report, we describe a lysogenic state of the enterobacterial phage T1, previously known as a classical lytic phage, and characterize the underlying regulatory circuitry. We show that the transition from lysogeny to lysis depends on bacterial population density, perceived via interspecies autoinducer 2. Lysis is further controlled by the metabolic state of the cell, mediated by the cyclic-3',5'-AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP) of the host. We hypothesize that such combinations of cell density and metabolic sensing may be common in phage-host interactions. The dynamics of microbial communities are heavily shaped by bacterium-bacteriophage interactions. But despite the apparent importance of bacteriophages, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling phage dynamics in bacterial populations, and particularly of the differences between the decisions that are made in the dormant lysogenic and active lytic states, remains limited. In this report, we show that enterobacterial phage T1, previously described as a lytic phage, is able to undergo lysogeny. We further demonstrate that the lysogeny-to-lysis decision occurs in response to changes in the density of the bacterial population, mediated by interspecies quorum-sensing signal AI-2, and in the metabolic state of the cell, mediated by cAMP receptor protein. We hypothesize that this strategy enables the phage to maximize its chances of self-amplification and spreading in bacterial population upon induction of the lytic cycle and that it might be common in phage-host interactions.
细菌病毒，或噬菌体，在生物圈中高度丰富，对微生物种群有重大影响。噬菌体与其宿主之间的许多相互作用的例子，包括休眠溶原和活跃裂解状态的建立，都已经在单细胞水平上得到了描述。然而，关于这些相互作用对宿主代谢和细菌群落内部信号交换的依赖性，人们知之甚少。在本报告中，我们描述了肠杆菌噬菌体 T1 的溶原状态，该噬菌体以前被认为是一种经典的裂解噬菌体，并对其潜在的调控回路进行了表征。我们表明，从溶原到裂解的转变取决于细菌种群密度，这是通过种间自动诱导物 2 来感知的。细胞代谢状态进一步通过宿主的环-3'，5'-环腺苷酸（cAMP）受体蛋白（CRP）来控制。我们假设，细胞密度和代谢感应的这种组合可能在噬菌体-宿主相互作用中很常见。微生物群落的动态受到细菌-噬菌体相互作用的严重影响。但是，尽管噬菌体显然很重要，但我们对控制细菌种群中噬菌体动态的机制的理解，特别是对在休眠溶原和活跃裂解状态下做出的决策之间的差异的理解，仍然有限。在本报告中，我们表明，以前被描述为裂解噬菌体的肠杆菌噬菌体 T1 能够进行溶原。我们进一步证明，溶原到裂解的决定是响应于细菌种群密度的变化而发生的，这种变化是由种间群体感应信号 AI-2 介导的，并且是由 cAMP 受体蛋白介导的细胞代谢状态的变化。我们假设，这种策略使噬菌体能够在诱导裂解周期时最大限度地提高自我扩增和在细菌种群中传播的机会，并且它可能在噬菌体-宿主相互作用中很常见。
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