Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Laboratory for Water Quality and Treatment, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Water Res. 2019 Dec 1;166:115088. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115088. Epub 2019 Sep 12.
Ozone treatment is an effective barrier against viral pathogens, wherefore it is an integral part of many water and wastewater treatment trains. However, the efficacy of ozone treatment remains difficult to monitor, due to the lack of methods to track virus inactivation in real-time. The goal of this work was to identify easy-to-measure proxies to monitor virus inactivation during water and wastewater treatment by ozone. Proxies considered were the abatement in UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV) and carbamazepine (CBZ), a ubiquitous organic micropollutant with a similar abatement rate constant as human viruses. The proxies, as well as the inactivation of two viruses (MS2 coliphage and coxsackievirus B5) were measured in surface water and in a secondary wastewater effluent as a function of the specific ozone dose (mgO/mg dissolved organic carbon). Virus inactivation was rapid in both matrices, but was more efficient in surface water. This trend was also evident when inactivation was assessed as a function of the ozone exposure to account for the different ozone demand of the two water types. Both proxies, as well as the specific ozone dose, were correlated with virus inactivation. The correlations depended only weakly on the virus species, but - with the exception of CBZ abatement - differed between the two water types. Finally, predictive relationships were established using Bayesian power models, to estimate virus inactivation based on the measurement of a proxy. The models were then applied to estimate the MS2 inactivation in a pilot-scale ozone reactor that treats surface water of Lake Zurich. All proxies yielded good estimates of the actual MS2 inactivation in the pilot plant, indicating that the proxy-inactivation relationships established in the laboratory can also be applied to flow-through reactors. This study confirms that ozone is a highly effective disinfectant for viruses in both surface water and wastewater, and that the abatement of UV and CBZ can be used to track virus inactivation during water and wastewater treatment.
臭氧处理是一种有效的抗病毒病原体屏障，因此它是许多水和废水处理过程的组成部分。然而，由于缺乏实时跟踪病毒失活动力学的方法，臭氧处理的效果仍然难以监测。本工作的目的是确定易于测量的替代物，以监测水和废水中臭氧处理过程中的病毒失活动力学。考虑的替代物是 254nm 处紫外线吸收值的降低（UV）和卡马西平（CBZ），后者是一种普遍存在的有机微污染物，其消除率常数与人类病毒相似。在地表水和二级废水处理厂中，作为特定臭氧剂量（mgO/mg 溶解有机碳）的函数，测量了替代物以及两种病毒（MS2 噬菌体和柯萨奇病毒 B5）的失活动力学。在这两种基质中，病毒失活动力学都很快，但在地表水中更为有效。当根据臭氧暴露来评估失活动力学以考虑两种水类型的不同臭氧需求时，这种趋势也很明显。两种替代物以及特定的臭氧剂量都与病毒失活动力学相关。相关性仅与病毒种类弱相关，但-除了 CBZ 消除率-在两种水类型之间存在差异。最后，使用贝叶斯幂律模型建立了预测关系，根据替代物的测量值来估计病毒失活动力学。然后将模型应用于估算处理苏黎世湖地表水的中试规模臭氧反应器中 MS2 的失活动力学。所有替代物都能很好地估计中试厂中实际 MS2 的失活动力学，这表明在实验室中建立的替代物-失活动力学关系也可以应用于流水式反应器。本研究证实，臭氧对地表水和废水中的病毒都是一种非常有效的消毒剂，并且 UV 和 CBZ 的消除率可以用于跟踪水和废水处理过程中的病毒失活动力学。
