Some but not all aspects of (advanced) theory of mind predict loneliness.

Children's (advanced) theory of mind (AToM) has been related to numerous real-world social consequences, including regarding their feelings of loneliness. A recent study has shown that AToM does not rely on a single underlying ability, instead involving three distinct factors: social reasoning, reasoning about ambiguity, and recognizing transgressions of social norms. The present study of 229 5- to 8-year-olds investigated whether and how these three aspects of AToM cognition are related to children's feelings of loneliness while controlling for the influence of self-esteem. Our results show that social reasoning is the only AToM factor that is related to children's loneliness, and it is independent from children's self-esteem. Our findings have consequences for the conceptualization of AToM and our understanding of children's feelings of loneliness and their ability to form friendships. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject Theory-of-mind (ToM) understanding is related to children's ability to form friendships and to their loneliness. Results are mixed concerning the effects of advanced ToM. Recent studies show that advanced ToM is comprised of three separate factors. What the present study adds Social reasoning is the only advanced ToM factor that is related to children's feelings of loneliness. Our results add to our knowledge about diverse real-world consequences of AToM. Our findings have consequences for the conceptualization of AToM.