Haines jumps: Pore scale mechanisms.

Haines instabilities are sudden jumps of the fluid interface accompanied by fluid redistribution and a transient pressure response. Haines jumps affect global displacement patterns in porous media, promote fingered invasion, increase fluid trapping, and contribute to hysteretic saturation. Detailed analyses and experimental results show that jumps take place when the pressure-volume response is multivalued across the pore throat, during either advancing or receding tests. This situation emerges in "soft systems" such as liquids with entrapped gas bubbles, compliant substrates, and when multiple menisci interact across the porous networks. Elastic deformations and capillarity combine to form the dimensionless elastocapillary number N_{ec} for a given pore geometry and fluid mixture: a system with elastocapillary number N_{ec}<1 is prone to Haines instabilities. Therefore, Haines jumps are more likely to occur not only in soft porous systems, but also when the network topology is characterized by pronounced pore constrictions, and the fluids form small contact angles and generate high interfacial tension.