Advanced Approaches Based on Expression of Different Genes and Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal Disorders.

This review focuses on the causes and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The kidneys are major organs boasting various natural functions, chief among them the stable equilibrium of body fluids by eliminating waste. If the symptoms of CKD can be detected early, effective care is possible. CKD is a major area of investigation because it is the ninth most common cause of death in the United States. The incidence of kidney infection can be correlated with kidney malfunction. The main serological markers for renal disease are serum creatinine and creatinine clearance, which are insensitive and nonspecific to recognition of kidney injury. Standard therapy to prevent the progression of CKD includes dietary protein restriction, hypertension control, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (ACEi), and angiotensin receptor barricade (ARB). In this review we discuss advances in research on diagnostic biomarkers related to renal diseases and kidney-related injuries.